How to Get an Electrical Engineer Degree?

An electrical engineer is far from just manufacture light bulbs as they have an enormous selection of occupation paths to select from. An electrical engineer can select the following industry as their occupation path: power transmission, electromagnetic, signal processing, control law design, industrial appliances, instrumentations, telecommunications, embedded systems, bioelectricity etc.

Sounds attractive doesn't it? So how does one come to be an electrical engineer then? You will need to be curious in how things work and have the enthusiasm to find the solution. You will also need to excel in Math, Chemistry and Physic courses during high school. Another important skill one needs to survive in pursuing an Electrical Engineering schooling is programming.

During your years in university as an electrical engineering student, you will have many opportunities to use your programming skills as practically all today has a microcontroller inside, along with the alarm clock that you woke up to. So brush up on those programming skills! An electrical engineer with both proven hardware and software skills will be a primary asset for companies.

In your undergraduate studies, you can also partake in dissimilar engineering explore projects happening in the campus. You can learn a lot of knowledge from the professors and graduate students that would not regularly be able to learn in courses. Another chance that is excellent for your occupation is to partake in Internship/Co-Op programs. These programs are offered by many clubs in which they would contribute you work feel in the industry that you are curious in.

I hope this would be sufficient information for you in what to expect when you pursue this occupation path.

Good Luck!

How to Get an Electrical Engineer Degree?

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Usb Microcontroller Communications Architecture for Human Interface device (Hid)

The Usb communications architecture is designed to enable computing devices such as desktop Pcs and laptops to interconnect with many other peripheral devices. A Usb uses a two wire serial communications link running at one of three dissimilar speeds: 1.5 megabits per second (low speed), 12 Mbps (full speed) and 480 Mbps (high speed). Usb devices are categorized into discrete device classes such as display, communication, audio, mass warehouse and human interface.

The Human Interface device (Hid) Class defines coarse behaviors and functions for touch screen interfaces. The Hid class includes peripherals such as keyboards, mice, trackballs, joysticks, touch pads and touch screens that enable end users to operate and interact with the computing system. Hid also includes provisions for output directed to the end user. The Hid specification requires one operate endpoint and one interrupt endpoint with the host.

The operate pipe typically handles enumeration and device configuration while the interrupt pipe is used for data transfer. Descriptors define a Usb device to the host regarding the type of device, the device manufacturer, Usb1.x or 2.0 or 3.0 support, device configuration, endpoints quantities and types, etc. Touch screen device descriptors tell the host which endpoints and transfer types are supported. In addition to handling approved Usb requests, Hid devices must riposte to all approved Hid requests. Data must be transferred within defined structures called reports, which can be transferred over either the operate pipe or interrupt pipe.

Hid devices can transfer information stored in reports with the host through the operate pipes. This transfer is typically reserved for configuration information or device identification. The Usb specification defines the transfer sequence for the operate pipe, which has a higher level of error checking than other transfer methods. The host application programming interface (Api) calls used to send data through the operate pipe differ from those used for the interrupt pipe. While enumeration, the device requests how often it wants the host to ask for the data or send the data. After enumeration is complete, the host schedules data transfers on a periodic basis. If the enumerated device is a touch screen, the touch screen Usb bridge or the touch controller (e.g., a controller that supports Usb natively) assembles the coordinates of the finger(s), as well as other associated information such as finger width, signal strengths, finger speed and gestures, and shop that data in a buffer. The data is transmitted to the host at the interval specified previously or upon unavoidable events such as a finger's touch.

Usb Microcontroller Communications Architecture for Human Interface device (Hid)

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Functions and Advantages of Microchip Pic Microcontroller

Microchip Pic microcontroller is a gadget which is used in electronics media. Pic belongs to the family of microcontrollers which are made by microchip technology. The word Pic here means peripheral interface controller. The Pic are beloved and in high quiz, throughout the world because of the attributes it contains like it is widely available, it has low cost, it is a large user base device, it can work as an comprehensive variety of application notes, the improvement tools connected with it are free of cost sometimes ready at low cost, and serial programming capability. These are some of the perfect functions of microchip Pic microcontroller. The electronic devices are gaining popularity day by day round the globe because in modern days, this is an era of addition innovation and technology development.

The microchip Pic is characterized by few other attributes which are as follows: detach coding and data spaces. The instructions in small numbers of fixed length, most of the instructions are singular cycle execution, one accumulator, all Ram locations, hardware stack for storing return addresses; it is a fairly small estimate of data space which is extended straight through banking. Moreover data space mapped Cpu, port and peripheral registers and the program counter is also mapped in to the data space and writable, it is used to implement indirect jumps. Some of the advantages of using microchip microcontroller are: it needs to give small instructions, Risc architecture, built in oscillator with selectable speeds, easy entry level makes it user friendly, the low cost and reasonable nature of the chips allows every personel to buy it. Additionally, it includes wide range of interfaces together with I2C, Spi, Usb, Usart, A/D, programmable comparators, Pwm, Lin, Can and Psp.

Most of the population do not know that from where to buy microchip Pic, there are many modes to buy this Pic, you can have online modes and hand-operated ways. The hand-operated ways are mostly used in buying such items so that one can attach the chip to its ideas and can check numerous Pics that which one gets fit into the space ready for. On the other hand some population still refers to buy straight through online channels, there are some online websites which allows you to buy straight through them. You just have to agree the most proper Pic and can place the order. The items would be delivered to your home. The buying of these microchips Pic are not time involving nor are they cost consuming, your abundance of data get restore in few seconds.

Some of the limitations attached to the usage of microchip Pic could be: it has one accumulator, register bank switching is required to entrance the entire Ram of many devices, operations are not orthogonal, and some of its constructions can address Ram while others only make use off the accumulator.

However, the latest devices in this technology section have come with some improvements and they do not contain the similar drawbacks like the old ones. One of the examples of latest gadget which comes up in full complete usage form is Pic18.

Functions and Advantages of Microchip Pic Microcontroller

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How To Lose Belly Fat For Women

Belly fat is the most often asked ask by women, and of procedure they want the fastest and quickest way to lose it. There are many articles and diets out there that claim they can help you lose unwanted belly fat but it can be very overwhelming. I have been in the fitness commerce for 10 years and have worked with real women that have struggled with these issues. Let me say it can get a bit complicated then just going on a diet. Women do struggle more than men to lose this. You must be patient in the process as it is not a linear process.

First off, I don't like the word "diet" it sounds very negative, and is short-lived. Most women that go on fad diets gain the weight back and then some, which contributes more to losing belly fat. What you first must understand is that if you want to absolutely lose the belly fat you must adapt a wholesome life-style. You also must mentally get ready yourself for this and feel you are ready to change. It is a decision to be committed rather than just interested. Committed means you do what it takes, and curious is that you will only do just a wee and end up frustrated because you didn't get the results you wanted.

The first thing you want to do is look at your nutrition. The main thing to be involved about is calories. Too wee fat and the belly fat will not come off and the same thing for too many. You need to be in the right calorie deficit to lose belly fat. You might be thinking of what type of plan you should be on, but the real underground is how many fat you are taking in for the day, but also make sure that protein is set up to your daily requirement. This can vary anywhere from 1-1.5 grams per body weight or some like to go by their lean muscle mass.

The second thing you need to get is fish oils (6 grams daily) this will help you lose fat.
You absolutely need the right number and types of fat to lose the belly fat. Most programs can show you how to take weight off, put if your serious about losing the belly fat you need to focus on fat loss not weight loss for permanent results. As you progress your body will plateau and you absolutely have to keep adjusting your metabolism. This is done generally straight through nutrition.

Believe it or not sometimes you have to go up in fat in order to lose more belly fat. I know this may sound counterintuitive but it's true. Do this very carefully, otherwise you can end up worse off than before. I suggest hiring a extremely skilled fitness pro that knows how to do this. They must understand nutrition beyond the scope of what most people think.

Thirdly, is your training program. This will consist of both weight training and cardio. I find many women doing cardio the wrong way. Forget about long sessions on steady state cardio, these can absolutely furnish too much cortisol, which leads to belly fat. Many women are exercising this way to lose belly fat, when in fact they are being counterproductive in their exercise. The right way to do cardio to lose belly fat is interval and Hiit (high intensity interval training). These are short bursts that can be done covering or on a cardio machine. For example of Hiit would be 20 seconds of a workload followed by 30 seconds saving then repeat the cycle for 8-12 times then accomplish a moderate cool down. Intervals will be longer in both work and rest segments. When it comes to losing belly fat, weight training is very foremost and you want to keep a range of reps schemes.

Doing heavy sets one week (6-8 reps), and the following higher rep sets (10-15) is a good way to mix things up. There are many ways you could put together a weight training program, but I want to stress that you need to have range and don't think doing light weights and more reps is going to get rid of the belly fat either. Just to keep things simple, know that you need to vary your program. an additional one key to getting rid of belly fat is intensity, if you are working out and you are not sweating an breathing hard then you need to push yourself harder. Dont' waste time when you are working out, rather keep your sessions intense and keep rest brief in between sets (45 seconds- 2 wee rest). This will vary depending on your program.

The forth component is tracking your progress. Take your body fat every 2 weeks, along with measurements, pictures, and try on a pair of pants that are too small. Things can fluctuate so you might have the measurements read the same but your pants feel looser. I find that by doing all of these things gives you a more strict picture. Even the mirror can be deceiving as you look at yourself everyday, water weight can give you the wrong impression of progression. If you are not changing after every 3 weeks, you need to turn your program. Women tend to stay on the same program for a long time and wonder why things aren't working. Like I said in the beginning, losing belly fat is not a linear process. You're body will plateau, so you need to take the indispensable steps in tweaking your program.

Lastly, but most importantly is conditioning your mind to stay motivated. For some intuit this doesn't get addressed the way it should. all you do is a thinking process and that goes with losing the unwanted belly fat too.

How To Lose Belly Fat For Women

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Computer Locks Up - How to Fix a frosty Computer speedily

Have you been wondering why your computer locks up? Trying to pinpoint exactly what the question is? Computer frozen is a very base question but few ever comprehend exactly what causes it. Though the source of the issue is complex, the clarification to fix it can be quite easy. After explaining why your computer locks up, I will offer a very easy clarification you can use to fix a frozen computer right now.

Your computer locking up is caused by problems in the Windows registry. I am sure you have heard of the Windows registry but probably have wee idea how it works. Well here's how.

The registry is the particular most foremost component of your computer. It stores information to run all hardware, software, drivers, and other settings on your computer. When something needs to run it looks for the appropriate registry command to do so.

Unfortunately as your computer gets older and you setup or download new things, the registry becomes bloated with a ton of redundant, corrupt, and useless information. Windows has no tool to clean the registry so it soon becomes a complete mess.

When your computer locks up it is because the communication process in the middle of your hardware and software has shutdown. If there are registry errors it will cause computer frozen because the system simply does not know what to do.

The clarification to fix computer frozen is to mend the registry. Unfortunately it is nearly impossible to complete this task manually. The registry is so vast and complex, attempting to identify hundreds of errors can be quite time consuming. Luckily there is a program ready which can accomplish this task for you.

Simple scan your computer with it and the program will offer a full diagnosis to pinpoint why your computer locks up and how to fix it. The software will also speed up your Pc speed tremendously by clearing out all the excess junk slowing it down. Give it a try and scan your computer for free below.

Computer Locks Up - How to Fix a frosty Computer speedily

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Pic Micro Hardware Programming Methods

There are three ways to program a Pic microcontroller

1. Using general programming hardware (high volt programming Hvp).
2. Low volt programming (Lvp).
3. Bootloading.

The first two methods use the programming port of the Pic microcontroller labeled Icsp (In Circuit Serial Programming).

This port is shared between the existing pins of the microcontroller and after programming the pins revert back to general microcontroller operation.

Note: To make Icsp work correctly you have to think the effects and requirements of the Icsp programmer e.g. For Hvp a high voltage exists at the Vpp pin (your circuit must be able to handle the high voltage - up to 13V). Also the loading for the other signals Pgc and Pgd must not be too high i.e. Don't put an Led on these pins that uses 20mA - if you did the voltage levels would not be high enough at the inputs to the Pic for programming.

It's fairly easy to institute for Icsp use by using isolation resistors to general circuitry and choosing not to use heavy loads on these pins.

Icsp provides 6 connections from the pic Icsp programmer to your board as follows :

Vpp - (or Mclrn) Programming voltage (usually 13V).

Vcc - Power (usually 5V).

Gnd Ground (zero volts).

Pgd - Data usual port and connection Rb7.

Pgc - Clock usual port and connection Rb6.

Pgm - Lvp enable usual port and connection Rb3/Rb4.

Pic Micro: High Volt Programming

To use the first formula a hardware interface is needed or 'Pic programmer' to interface between the programming software (usually running on the Pc) and the Pic chip. This hardware takes its facts from the Pc via one of three interfaces either:

• The Rs232 Com port
• The Parallel port
• The Usb port

You select the interface you want to use and then select an standard Pic programmer. The Pc then communicates with the hardware generating the serial (Icsp) signals to translate the Pic hex file into a serial data stream convenient for the target microcontroller.

Note: practically all Pic microcontrollers use the Icsp interface so once you have a Hvp you can program virtually any Pic microcontroller. E.g. You can program 12F675, 16F84, 16F88, 16F877(A), 18F2550, 18F452 etc.

There are several programs for programming Pic micos e.g. Icprog and many different hardware programmers.

Pic Micro: Low volt programming (Lvp)

Lvp is exactly the same as Hvp except:

• The Vpp voltage is set to the general provide voltage.
• The Pgm pin indicates programming mode.

Note: In this mode you can not use the Pgm pin for whatever else it is dedicated solely to Lvp control.

Devices are man-made with Pgm mode enabled and the only way to turn off the Pgm mode is to program it using an Hvp programmer.

Note: Some Pic microcontrollers can only use the Hvp formula since for the Lvp formula you have to sacrifice one pin - Pgm - (to tell the Pic Micro whether that it is being programmed (high volts e.g. 5V) or that it is not being programmed (0V) ) and some Pic micros only have 8 pins e.g. 12F675. For this chip the Pgm pin is not available so Hvp is the only way.

The real advantage of using the Lvp mode is that you can program several Pic Micros on a board without having to individually program each one - you could daisy chain each extra micro to a scholar micro which would then program each one in turn - and this is only potential since the Vpp signal is a general logic level in Lvp mode.

Pic Micro: Bootloading

Bootloading uses any available interface to load a program into program memory. It requires a bootstrap program to elucidate the interface data and translate it into program memory instructions.

Note: Note only the newer devices that are capable of programming their own memory can use this method.

Typically a serial port is used for bootloading and the Pic micro bootstrap program will wait for a set time after power up listening on the serial port for a reserved word that tells the bootstrap program to start i.e. It listens for sequence of characters that is not commonly used on the interface

Once it receives this sequence it enters bootstrap mode where a hex file is transmitted to the microcontroller over the interface. It interprets this and programs the memory of the microcontroller and then starts the program.

There are two issues with this method:

1. You have to program the bootstrap code using Hvp or Lvp.
2. It uses up some of the microcontroller resources.

Once programed it provides a convenient way of using the expedient as you won't need programming hardware anymore and one major advantage is that you can re-program a expedient without undoing the equipment e.g. If you boxed up you task you could still re-program it using the serial port!

You can find more facts from the website here and how to build a website like it here.

Pic Micro Hardware Programming Methods

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Easy Steps To Make Your movable Phone As An Sms Controller

Do you know that you can use your movable phone to operate most of electrical appliances remotely via
Sms concept? Appliances like garage door or gate, room air-conditioner/heater, Cctv camera, lamps
or garden's watering system and so on are among them. There are huge examples to name it. Some
people use it for market application such as Remote Data Logging (Data Collection).

All these are mainly depending on the Sms (Short Messages System) technology coupled with some
simple electronics circuit (very straightforward design) application. Though this narrative may focus for the
electrical or electronics enthusiast, with the details and step by step explanation which is completely
discussed, most people can afford to do it.

Here I will name some of its category of applications:

1. Hobbyist

As a hobbyist, ones can operate any appliances as they like using a straightforward construction,just

name it!.

2. For students projects (university/college and/or secondary/high school.

There are numbers of students seeing for this similar task presentation, probably for

their final task presentation. This straightforward step by step explanation would be a reference

project for them!

3. For market applications such as:

- Remotely operate pumps, motors and other electrical appliances

- Remote Data Logging variety such as Rate of rain falls,Temperature of distinct remote

area.

4. Home Based Applications

Other than able to operate assorted domestic appliances, this will also comprise the contemporary of

arts of safety system, when you can arm or disarm your home safety alarm system remotely

via Sms Controller.

Currently, more and more cars manufacturers are fitting with this "Sms Controller" systems which acts

as alarm and safety system, any way these features were regularly combined with Gps (Global

Positioning System) which is capable to keep tracking the burglars remotely

5. Company, Organizations or Fleet Owner Management.

The is always a great way for the business to keep tracking staff behavior particularly

dealing with communication and mileage. This concept is also combined with Gps system. The

Sms and Gps system will always working together in monitoring the driving styles or behavior

of each driver.

The other extra feature of this Sms Controller is; when the appliance that we are controlling
remotely via hand phone has been activated or deactivated, we can receive a message confirming the
action that has just taken place done by Sms. The message we are receiving is depend on
"pre-setup" Text while the of programming the controller.

In all the category shown above, I like to stress that it always begin with the Sms Controller.

So by knowing how the Sms Controller works, It will be much easier to understand of Sms/Gps works!

Easy Steps To Make Your movable Phone As An Sms Controller

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Web improvement and Reverse Engineering

Web developers are all the time trying to create intriguing and functional websites. If you are using a content management system you need no extra knowledge of web technologies to create basic pages. But sooner or later you need to modify layout or some part of the website for which there are no settings in the user interface. Modifying code means knowing basics of Html, Css, JavaScipt, Php and other languages used for websites. If you are new to this world you will need some tutorials and first texts to learn basics of web technologies.

However, there is an additional one way of studying with possibility to experiment and test varied modifications of the code or layout. It is called reverse engineering and means examining code of an existing page. Every web browser has a function to display the source code of displayed page. By examining it you can see what elements are needed to produce the web page. This is a great way to learn Html and Css language. Of course, examining and comprehension how it works is one thing, creating your own scheme is another. The easiest way to start writing code is to make small modifications on your website. For this purpose you need a amelioration facility on your home server, because experimenting with a live website is not a good idea. Depending on the system used for your site you will have to find files which comprise the code for the page under examination. There is no general rule, but the main core of the page layout is probably in some template file.

This approach of examining the source code is also beneficial when you find a page with some fancy design or cool menu. To understand how it is done you need to find approved part of the code. Firefox, for example, has a nice highlight to display only the source code of a small part of the website. You simply elect the page elements you are curious in, click the right mouse button to display a menu and elect View choice Source. Once you find source lines responsible for the wanted page element, you can study them and try to implement something similar on your website. This doesn't mean that you can copy the code directly, you will have to modify it to be compatible with your existing website. But the basic principle is that you gawk existing code and experiment with small modifications. If you concentrate this approach with web resources explaining theoretical background of web technologies, you will be able to fast understand and learn new languages and technologies.

Web improvement and Reverse Engineering

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All About Embedded Systems

Embedded Systems are the crucial components of the contemporary compacted devices with multifunction capabilities. Embedded systems are specific computer programs that consolidate the functions of specially designed softwares and hardwares and are fully encapsulated by the devices that they control. An embedded system has specific requirements and performs pre-defined tasks, unlike a general-purpose personal computer. An embedded system is a programmed hardware device. A programmable hardware chip is the platform and it is programmed with single applications. Embedded systems are a aggregate of hardware and software which facilitates mass yield and a host of applications.

Embedded systems constitute the widest potential use of computer systems.They comprise all computers specifically intended as special-purpose computers. Examples of embedded systems range from a movable music player, to real-time control of systems like the space shuttle. They are identified by their functions.The majority of market embedded software systems are designed to accomplish superior functions. These systems have to overcome resource constraints and system specifications. These systems meet their real-time constraints with a aggregate of extra purpose hardware and software custom-developed to cope with the system requirements.

The embedded processor chip has the free time to decide the data route , handle graphics and animation requirements and approximately the whole functionalities of the device in which it is embedded. This allows the architecture of an embedded system to be straightforward and right forward.For embedded systems, a real-time operating system is very principal to enable it to work efficiently within the resources parameters. The softwares specially developed for embedded hardware systems, especially those without a disk drive are named firmwares. Programs on an embedded system often run with real-time constraints with tiny hardware resources. In many cases there are no disk drive, operating system, keyboard or screen. The software may not have anything remotely like a file system, or if one is present, a flash drive may replace rotating media. If a user interface is present, it may be a small keypad and liquid crystal display.

Embedded systems are normally resident in machines that are imaginable to run continuously for years without errors. Therefore the software and Firmware is normally developed and tested very rigorously and meticulously. Embedded systems generally avoid mechanical interesting parts such as Disk drives, switches or buttons because these are unreliable compared to solid-state parts such as Flash memory. Solid State electronic components form the major part of a device with an embedded system.

The embedded system must have the unique capability and functionality of being able to restart itself even if catastrophic data corruption has taken place. This is normally closed with a suitable electronic part called a watchdog timer that resets the computer unless the software periodically resets the timer. Embedded systems today rely on trusted Chip and processor makers like Intel, Amd and the like. Embedded softwares are being developed by developers who deploy time-tested methods like compilers,assemblers and debuggers to institute embedded system software.

A wide range of embedded systems exists on the market. Many products that highlight embedded systems are small, relatively cheap and have a short lifetime of a few years before the next-generation stock replaces them. Examples are mobile phones and other home electronics. In contrast, large, costly and complicated capital equipment, such as telephone switches, automobiles, airplanes, and market machines, are often safety-critical and in performance for several decades. All embedded systems, however, form part of a larger product. The buyer is primarily curious in the benefits the stock brings and not in the embedded system. The emergence of embedded systems in devices has resulted in a dramatic increase in products incorporating Embedded Software. The most new generation of embedded systems relies heavily on embedded software. As a matter of fact, many of their features, which used to be controlled by electronics or mechanical components until a few years ago, are now software controlled. Current trends recapitulate that functionality that traditionally was implemented in hardware is now implemented in software. The reliance of specially developed software for embedded systems has led to the mushrooming of clubs specialising in embedded software develoment .

Embedded systems are going to be the focus of intensive and aggressive improvement in the years to come. With the world going in for devices that are covenant and palm-sized, the need for developed microporcessors and embedded softwares is huge. Embedded software developers and embedded hardware manufacturers are going to revel in the boom time that would contemplate a new peak in global demands for these specialised hardware-software combinations.

All About Embedded Systems

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Interfacing a Microcontroller With a Pc Using Rs232 and the Pc Serial Port

Serial Communication

Serial communication is a technique of transmitting data between two pieces of hardware. The smallest piece of data that is transmitted is the byte. A byte is made up of 8 bits. When data is transmitted between two pieces of hardware, the bits are sent one at a time. The hardware sends these bits by sending varying voltages over the wires connecting the devices. The sender and the receiver agree on how often a bit (or voltage level) will be sent.

How often a bit will be sent is referred to as baud rate or bits per second (bps). Then with the help of very accurate clocks they can send a series of voltage levels between each other and then reassmble these voltage levels into bytes.

The question Communicating between a Pc and a Microcontroller

The Rs232 serial port on a Pc uses +3 to +25 volts to signify a logic level of 0, and -3 to -25 volts to signify a logic level of 1.

Most microcontrollers use Ttl / Cmos logic levels which use 0 to some threshold voltage to signify a logic level of 0, and some threshold voltage to 5 volts to signify a logic level of 1.

In order for the Pc and a microcontroller to successfully review some logic level translation is necessary.

Using a Ttl / Cmos To Rs232 Converter

There are many associates that originate modules that take care of the required logic level translation. The Ttl / Cmos To Rs232 Converter is one such module. Typically, these modules associate to the Rs232 port on the Pc and associate to the microcontroller's send and receive pins. supply 5 volts and ground and you are ready to communicate.

Applications Ideas

Once you have your microcontroller communicating with your Pc it opens up all kinds of potential applications fluctuating from data loggers, pc based oscilloscopes, controlling your pc from your microcontroller, controlling your microcontroller from your pc, etc.

Interfacing a Microcontroller With a Pc Using Rs232 and the Pc Serial Port

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