selecting a Programming Language for Your Microcontroller

Assembler

Assembler is the most unavoidable language that you'll consider using as you probably won't need to buy any other tools to use it. More than likely the builder will contribute an collector for the chip and you won't need any books as all the instructions are in the datasheet and you just start coding.

This route to programming is very easy but you may be setting yourself up for problems later on as:

1. It is trivial to write short programs.
2. It becomes progressively more difficult to write large programs.
3. It seems to be the best option as it gives the fastest code.
4. It seems to be the best option as it gives the smallest code.

Assembler: Fast & small code

There is no doubt that collector gives the fastest and most optimized code (your brain is great at optimization than any compiler!) but collector is difficult - typically you'll spend ten times as long writing collector as you would writing in a high level language.

Assembler / Compiler Trade off

This is the trade off; to write the fastest most optimized code or to get the task solved more quickly.

Another qoute with collector is that to do even the most trivial task you have to think about every aspect of the code and all implications on registers and register flags.

Even making a microcontroller perform the most trivial task is difficult e.g. For making a loop in collector you need to think about which register to use and which instructions all the while thinking about how those registers should not interact with the loop register/other registers etc.

Assembler: qoute - changing the target

Another mystery is when you change from one microcontroller to another (even in the same expedient family) the collector instructions may be changed e.g. More instructions to heighten microcontroller performance. So you will have to learn an entirely dissimilar education set when inviting either to a new target microcontroller or inviting to a dissimilar expedient within the same house i.e. Code re-use is not potential unless you stay with one microcontroller (or devices with a similar internal architecture).

High level languages

Hll: Retarget

Retargeting code to another microcontroller is easier since the Hll will know the details of the new target i.e. education set, fuses etc. All you need to worry about is the exact differences in the middle of the dissimilar microcontrollers (in the same house this will be setting up the internal peripherals).

The foremost point is that the Hll takes care of the collector code needed to do the job.

Hll: Easy to understand.

The most useful aspect of a high level language (Hll) is that the language is written in a form you can de facto understand - there are no cryptic collector commands that you have to remember and most commands are made up of any engine code instructions - rescue you coding endeavor (often there are built in libraries of code e.g. Lcd driver, Serial port driver, I2C driver etc

So the Hll makes it easy to write code as it generates the definite collector for the target microcontroller.

Hll : Whitespace

You can also make use of white space (areas of no code) to separate out the discrete operations within the program - typically collector code is just one great big list that is de facto very difficult to read - I know there are comments but you need to annotation almost every line so that man else can

understand the code.

Hll: Task splitting

One of the best features of a Hll is that you can split tasks into separate functions that you can consolidate on them individually (as the Hll takes care of local variables etc.). For collector even when using a call education you have to take care of preserving the register state - in the Hll it's all done

for you.

Hll: Code re-use

Once you learn the Hll you will find it easy to read code written by other habitancy and you will be able to re-use code that you have already written whereas with collector you will permanently need to analyze the code to see if it fits in with your new functions.

The only decision then is which high level language? There are de facto three contenders Basic, C and Pascal - these are the most beloved languages and for beloved microcontrollers there will be an Hll compiler for each one. I'll just list the advantages and disadvantages of each

Basic Advantages

1. Very easy to learn and use.
2. A Basic compiler will yield code that runs fast as a C compiler.
3. Many in built functions (depending on compiler).
4. Very beloved - large user base with many example programs.

Basic Disadvantages

1. Non approved language.
2. If using an interpreted Hll will run very slowly.

Note: Because the language is not standardized it will be difficult to move code to a new processor target type.

Pascal Advantages

1. Easy to learn and use.
2. A Pascal compiler will yield code that runs fast as a C compiler.
3. Many in built functions (depending on compiler).

Pascal Disadvantages

1. Not as beloved as C - so not as many compilers.
2. A bit wordy - it was originally intended as a teaching language.
3. Not as flexible as C.

C Advantages

1. Compiled language - all the time runs fast.
2. Standardized language (Ansi)- easier to port to dissimilar compilers / target devices.
3. Many compilers available.
4. Many in built functions (depending on compiler).
5. Very beloved - large user base with many example programs.
6. Used in many dissimilar industries.
7. Usable at the hardware level as well as higher abstraction levels (although C++ is great for very abstracted programming models).

C Disadvantages

1. Hard to learn at first.
2. Strong type checking means you spend time pleasing the compiler (although this protects you from making errors).

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selecting a Programming Language for Your Microcontroller

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Functional Testing and Verification and Validation Solutions for Embedded Systems

Embedded systems cannot in effect be defined however, there is the "intelligence' found in most of the lowly items that we find beneficial and indispensable in our daily life like the mobile phone device, iPod, Tv, internet router and along with the air traffic control system. The embedded schemes have in effect infiltrated our daily lives and makes up approximately 90% of the value of these devices that we often take for granted. Testing embedded schemes needs to be done as a preventive portion to ensure the protection and operation of the devices. This is also foremost as preventive and medicinal measures for quality.

With testing of the embedded schemes, the devices can be "debugged" or removing defects. The debugging is done by the software developers in order to assure that the devices are of the top ability not only in terms of operation but productivity. Testing embedded schemes consist of an actual evaluation of the application along with some of its components as against a criterion. The testing is done agreeing to its behavior, operation and robustness which are measurable and can in effect be validated. The testing guarantees the ability of the software product while still in the amelioration process.

Functional testing differs from the embedded schemes testing since the functional testing or black box testing is based upon the specifications of the software components. It involves five steps which are the identification of the discrete functions that the software will perform, the creation of an input data based upon the specifications of the function, the determination of the output based upon the function specifications, the operation of the test and ultimately the comparison in the middle of the actual and the anticipated results.

Embedded systems are also found in medical, nuclear and the avionics commerce that it is therefore indispensable to feel the testing in order to safeguard protection and quality. There are prevailing standards on the software amelioration for the avionic commerce since these embedded devices are indispensable to their operation and to preservation of life. A similar criterion is also observed in testing embedded devices in transportation and healing industries since these are indispensable to the protection of human life. If the software is not tested for ability and operation the effects might corollary to a system failure or a catastrophic failure of the whole system. This is the rationale behind testing embedded devices which should meet all the mandatory requirements for all levels of equipments and devices.

Functional Testing and Verification and Validation Solutions for Embedded Systems

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Embedded Gui Prototyping - Benefits of Pc-based Gui Prototyping

Device designers in the embedded microprocessor commerce are finding new ways to speed up development, shorten requirements generation time, and generate embedded visible user interfaces (Gui) by using tools like the Tilcon Gui builder on the Pc for prototyping. Such tools are more great on the bottom line than one might at first imagine. Sure, one could say the tool is all about "building the screens" for the end product, but this is a practical world. Productivity and being on time are key goals in the real world of business. Let's talk about prototyping your embedded Gui and what that surely means to your business!

Building and running a live, hands-on prototype is just about the best way that a goods design team can reach business agreement on the interface and reflect on the requirements' completeness and effectiveness. Rapid prototyping is even better! Flying the Embedded Gui on the screen of your Pc with full interactive potential at this stage by real users provides primary input. Requirements that are incomplete are found and corrected, and new requirements for a good Human-Machine Interface (Hmi) implementation can be achieved much earlier in the cycle.

Lack of practical user input, when combined with requirements and specifications that are, frankly, not all the time complete, becomes a major source of delay and reduced functionality in the electronic goods design industry. Oh, and, I almost forgot! Once you start in on the task there is a tiny itsybitsy thing that might go unnoticed called "Change" that occurs to the requirements and specifications... Other adversary to the end goal. Rapid Gui prototyping of the changes on the embedded Gui builder is by far the best way to check out the impact or succeed of those changes in an "almost live" fashion.

The Tilcon Gui builder is codeless and fast. On the amelioration Pc the goods screens can be built speedily with stock "widgets." Attributes can be speedily modified via tables, and actions and reactions can be defined all within the confines of the Gui builder toolkit. Turning on a simulation mode makes the widgets come alive! Your team can twiddle, tweak and stress-test the interface to their hearts' content. Then they can write the final specification based on what works!

Lastly, prototyping is improved via the recent integration with Adobe Photoshop. The addition of direct import and export of Photoshop layers leverages the capabilities of the prototype phase by allowing a visible designer to very speedily add imagery, branding and skins to the embedded Gui prototype. When all is said and done these exact screens can be loaded onto the real-time gadget board by downloading the 'descriptor files' to the amelioration team's actual goods board when it arrives and has been outfitted with the Tilcon runtime motor module pre-built for the exact Os that is running on the gadget board.

So, there we have it: goods design professionals should look for ways to speedily originate Gui prototypes iteratively to very early and very speedily nail down specifications. Simultaneously, this approach reduces the need for an overload of "pretty thought pictures" in far too many Powerpoint presentations created by the varied members of the well-meaning team, without the benefit of the "feel" for the screens the prototype provides.

The goods amelioration can surely gait earlier at both the technical and artistic levels in parallel with itsybitsy amelioration disruption when this methodology is used. Higher quality, faster turnaround, and approved branding are all reasons to adopt an early prototyping strategy. It's time to get that goods to market!

Embedded Gui Prototyping - Benefits of Pc-based Gui Prototyping

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Spi Bus: principles and Implementation

Spi stands for "Serial to Peripheral Interface", and it is a hardware and firmware communications protocol industrialized by Motorola and later adopted by everybody. The Spi Bus is used only on the Pcb. I am inescapable some of you will ask: "Why is the Spi Bus used only on the Pcb? What prevents us from using it covering the Pcb area?" The Spi Bus was specially designed to exchange data between varied Ic chips, at very high speeds; say, at 180 Mhz or even more. Due to this high-speed aspect, the Bus lines cannot be too long, because their reactance increases too much, and the Bus becomes unusable. However, if you want, you could use the Spi Bus covering the Pcb at low speeds, but this is not quite practical--the Spi Bus requires 3 or 4 communications lines, which are a bit too many, when compared to 1 or 2 lines normally needed to communicate, efficiently, with field devices settled covering the Pcb.

Anyway, on the Pcb the Spi Bus is very good, because we can roughly attach to the Bus as many Ics (or devices) as we want. Please excuse me for not providing a photograph of the Spi Bus, but rest assured you do not need one: the Spi Bus is so simple that you will understand all things in words.

The next request is: "Why is this Spi Bus particularly useful?" also from exchanging data between varied Ic chips, the Spi Bus is a formula of multiplying microcontroller's pins. In other words, if you have a tiny 8 pins microcontroller, you could control with that petite monster few hundreds of digital Inputs and Outputs. This is impressive, and I am inescapable many doubt my words. Let's construe this.

The Spi Bus contains three lines, and they can be on any normal I/O controller pins. These Bus lines are: Clock, Data-In, and Data-Out. In addition, each Ic associated to the Spi Bus needs an individual Enable line. Things work like this: suppose we have four devices, A, B, C, and D; all of them are wired to the Spi Bus lines, and the Bus itself is wired to seven controller pins--this is 3 Bus lines plus the 4 Enable ones. When we want to send a message to expedient C, we enable its Enable line first, then we send the message serially, one bit at a time. In the same time devices A, B, and D do exactly nothing, because they are not enabled.

The attractiveness with the Spi Bus is, it is Synchronous, meaning, when the controller sends the message to one Ic, it is also able to receive data from that Ic, in the same time. This singular aspect of the Spi protocol is particularly well distinguished for microcontroller-to-microcontroller communications.

Now, we have seen a small 8 pins microcontroller can control 4 devices (Ics) using 7 pins. Taking into inventory one expedient of type A, B, C, or D could have eight or even sixteen I/O ports, this is still far from the hundreds Inputs and Outputs I promised to you. The next gorgeous thing about the Spi Bus is: one expedient Ic can be serialized with many more of the same type! For example, we could have B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, and so on. All Ics of type B# are serialized together, and they need only 4 microcontroller pins to make them work; the Enable line is common to all of them. Next, we can use each expedient of type A, B, C, and D as a group of tens similar Ics.

The enabling speed of each I/O port on the Spi Bus it is slower, when multiplying microcontroller's pins, but all the time take into inventory I/O field devices don't necessarily need speeds of, say 1000 On/Off activations per second each, simply because most of them cannot deal with that speed. However, there are few, very smart firmware techniques like the "barrel-shift" type of functions, which allows us to allege high-speed messaging on the Spi Bus, even if we have hundreds of I/Os. In the same time, the "barrel-shift" functions allow for better time supervision inside microcontroller, so that it has more time to execute other tasks--makes sense to me! To conclude, I believe it is clear now we can, indeed, build hundreds of sufficient I/O lines on a small 8 pins controller.

Further from this normal presentation of the Spi Bus, you should be aware roughly all Ics implement the Spi protocol in a singular way. For detailed and practical applications I suggest you visit my home site at succeed Theorems. There you are going to explore a good tutorial book about working with hardware, firmware--including the "barrel-shift" type of functions--and software design, in general, and about few nice and practical implementations of the Spi Bus in particular.

Many microcontrollers have built-in Spi Bus hardware modules, but I was never interested too much about using them. What I do, I all the time design--on the Pcb and for one microcontroller--one, two or more institution Spi Busses, because my institution implementations are far more flexible. Besides, practical implementation of a institution Spi Bus, both in hardware and in firmware, is truly simple--trust me with this one!

Spi Bus: principles and Implementation

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Subliminal Perception - How it Works

What is subliminal perception? Does it well influence your mind and behavior? Subliminal Cds and programs are one of the most recent tools in the self-development field that offers the promise of helping people make dramatic life changes conveniently, inexpensively and with puny effort. But, to what degree does subliminal programming work?

Subliminal Perception, A Natural Process...

Perception is the natural, general way you receive impressions from your environment. Subliminal refers to data that is perceived below the level of aware awareness. Normally, you pay aware attention to a very small percentage of data that you feel straight through our sense and your mind. Try this test: take a occasion to focus your attention on the sounds colse to you and you will explore there are many background noises you ordinarily thoroughly ignore...consciously that is. These sounds probably comprise traffic noise, machinery, conversations, birds, insects, etc. Nevertheless you are aware of this constant bombardment of stimuli, even though it is perceived below your aware awareness by your highly receptive and sensitive subconscious mind.

Interest in subliminal transportation first industrialized shortly after Freud presented his revolutionary idea that we all have a hidden, unconscious mind. One of Freud's contemporaries, Dr. O. Poetzle, industrialized and tested theories connected to the result of subliminal stimulation on dream content. In 1917, Poetzle was the first scientist to demonstrate the close relationship between subliminal stimuli and posthypnotic suggestion. His discovery, called the Poetzle Effect, indicates that subliminal perceptions evoke dreams and actions days or weeks after the traditional perception.

In the last 50 years, many hundreds of carefully controlled scientific studies have been conducted on subliminal perception. An fullness of scientific data resulting from decades of research indicates that subliminal perception does occur and data perceived subliminally does influence the unconscious or subconscious mind. And most importantly, subliminal programming has been shown to be an efficient tool for influencing and changing behavior. Controversy over subliminal stimuli arises well because it does influence people's behavior without their aware awareness.

Subliminal Messages Used in shop to reduce Shoplifting...

It was discovered that subliminal messages could be masked in music or other audio programs. An narrative in Time magazine in 1979, titled, 'Secret Voices,' reported that nearly 50 division shop in the U.S. And Canada were using subliminal messages in the music systems to reduce shoplifting and worker theft. One East Coast chain was reported to have reduced theft by 37%, amounting to the marvelous savings of 0,000 over a nine-month period.

A similar story in the Wall street Journal in 1980 stated the installation of a subliminal message system in a New Orleans supermarket accounted for a drop in pilferage loss from practically ,000 per six months to 'the marvelous form of less than ,000' - an all time low! Cashier shortages dropped from 5 per week to less than per week. Subliminal messages found to be efficient were statements like, "I take a great deal of pride in being honest. I will not steal. I am honest."

Scientific Evidence: Subliminal Messages influence Behavior

Extensive Documentation of Subliminal Perception

In his scholarly work titled "Preconscious Processing," Dr. Norman Dixon, a psychologist at University College in London, England, summarizes 748 scholarly research studies on subliminal perception.

Included in Dixon's authoritative work is a research study by Zuckerman (1960), that revealed a subliminal stimulus can by-pass aware intent, and that it makes it unlikely a person would resist instructions which are not consciously experienced. Zuckerman required his subjects to write stories colse to Thematic Apperception Test cards. Superimposed on the ambiguous pictures on the cards were either the subliminal message, "Write More" or "Don't Write." As long as the instructions were subliminal, these messages had the desired effect. However, as soon as they were able to be perceived consciously, the messages had no consistent effect.

Behavioral Improvements result from Subliminal Messages...

Dr. Lloyd H. Silverman, a psychologist at New York University, has been at the forefront of subliminal testing for 20 years. His work, with over 40 groups of subjects, has shown primary improvements in behavior after exposure to premium subliminal messages. In a 1980 study, Silverman incorporated a subliminal message into a medicine of half of a group of smokers trying to quit smoking using behavior modification therapy. One month after medicine ended, 66% of the group exposed to the activating subliminal stimulus were still non-smokers, compared with 13% of the operate group. Silverman says the inevitable result of subliminal messages has been observed in assertiveness training classes, adolescents receiving psychotherapy, college students in group therapy, alcoholics in Alcoholics Anonymous counseling, and in people undergoing behavior modification for insect phobias and overeating.

Subliminal Messages improve academic Performance...

An narrative in the Journal of Counseling Psychology, Volume 29, 1982, reports on a study by Dr. Kenneth Parker, a psychologist at Queens College in New York. Dr. Parker's research task was designed to see if subliminal messages can improve academic performance. Sixty students received optic subliminal messages using a light-flashing gadget called a tachistoscope. Three times a week, before class, the students looked straight through the eyepiece of the tachistoscope and saw a fast flash of tantalizing light, nothing more. In the four millisecond flash was embedded a singular sentence. The class was divided into three groups, each receiving a separate message. Two messages were designed to improve academic performance; the third was a control.

Careful statistical prognosis of the results of the subliminal stimulation revealed primary improvement in academic performance. Groups one and two, receiving activating subliminal messages achieved average grades in the range of a high B to low A. Group three, the control, received an average grade in the low B range. In addition, those who received subliminal messaged had higher retention of the learned material after one month than the operate group had.

Medical Clinic Uses Subliminal Tapes to reduce Fainting, Smoking, and Temper Flare Ups...

In 1951, Dr. Hal Becker, a behavioral scientist and previous member of the Tulane University healing Staff, began investigating subliminal processes. Dr. Becker has published dozens of research articles which reserve the effectiveness of subliminal stimulation. One of Dr. Becker's investigations, presented in a scientific paper to the Ninth every year argument of Computer medicine in Atlanta in 1979, involved the use of subliminal stress allowance messages incorporated into the sound system at the McDonagh healing town in Kansas City, Missouri. A seven-month trial produced dramatic results. Fainting caused by needle pain dropped to nearly zero, smoking in the staff lounge was cut as much as 79%, and the temper flare-ups in the crowded inpatient waiting room were reduced by nearly 60%. When the subliminal messages were stopped, these problems returned to previous levels.

Subliminal Tapes influence Dramatic Weight Loss...

Becker's research has shown that the use of subliminal messages can influence weight-loss with marvelous results. In Metairie, Louisiana, at Dr. Becker's weight loss clinic, patients were exposed to videotape and audio cassette subliminal messages as part of a behavior-modification diet plan. One woman lost 100 pounds in one year's time. In a follow-up study, Becker found that 50% of the patients maintained at lease half their weight loss for up to two years after leaving the subliminal program, while 23% maintained 75% to 100% of their loss. This is a significantly better narrative than that of diet programs not accompanied by subliminal messages.

Another subliminal stimulation weight-loss study involved two experiments conducted by Silverman, Martin, Ungaro and Mendelsohn (1978) with two groups of overweight women. In addition to traditional diet therapy, half of the subjects received subliminal affirmations and half received neutral subliminal message stimulation. In both experiments, the groups receiving the inevitable subliminal messages lost more weight than the operate groups. The group receiving subliminal affirmations continued to lose weight even after the experiment concluded.

Positive Proof Mind Absorbs Subliminal Information...

In an additional one of Dr. Becker's controlled tests of subliminal perception, experimental and operate groups were asked to guess a three-digit number. The experimental group was exposed to the number subliminally embedded in a hissing sound known as 'pink noise.' In three detach experiments, an average of 77% of those exposed to the subliminal numbers guessed correctly, compared to only 10% of those in the operate group (who weren't exposed to the numbers). This confirms that subliminal messages are perceived at a non-conscious level.

How You Can Use Subliminal Perception For Self-Improvement

Research indicates that subliminal perception takes place when the subconscious measure of the mind is exposed to messages below the level of aware awareness. Subliminal audio and video recordings are proving to be a safe and effective, easy and convenient, uncostly and enjoyable way people can bring about profound personal turn in their lives.

Programming the Subconscious Mind to originate Your Reality...

Did you know that your mind creates your reality? It's true. The functioning of the mind can be easily understood when carefully in terms of the widely accepted view that the mind has both aware and subconscious portions. The aware measure of your mind is rational, logical and analytical. It questions and modifies incoming data from your sense before the data is stored in your subconscious mind.

The subconscious mind is non-analytical and houses the motivating forces that direct your aware actions, thoughts, and habits. It affects your attitudes, how you feel, and what you do. The beliefs and thoughts you hold in your subconscious mind build and shape every aspect of your life.

In other words, your subconscious is what well creates your life. This is why it is prominent to explore how to passage the subconscious to take off negative, self-limiting beliefs and replace them with positive, life-enhancing beliefs.

The hidden of Subliminal Recordings

The hidden of why subliminal recordings are so efficient is simple: the inevitable messages on the tape directly passage the subconscious mind. Other widely used self-improvement techniques work only on a aware level. Unlike those methods, subliminal recordings permit you to work directly with that measure of your mind which well maintains ongoing operate of your life. You must result turn at a subconscious level if you want to make continuing improvements in your life.

Another guess subliminal programs and Cd's are so efficient is that they permit inevitable messages to reach the subconscious without interference or modification from the aware mind. This is prominent because often your aware mind will query or reject inevitable statements that it knows are not presently true. For example, if you are using inevitable affirmations such as, "I am successful," yet you know that success is not presently a part of your life, your aware mind can negate the inevitable result of the statement by rejecting it. Because subliminal messages bypass the aware mind, the aware mind cannot query or reject them.

Within your subconscious mind is the raw material that will automatically from your life tomorrow. Subliminal tapes and Cd's provide you with a marvelous tool to imprint on your subconscious the inevitable images that you select as the basis for creating the kind of life you want. The data your subconscious mind accepts straight through subliminal perception becomes the new mental programming that changes your life and propels you toward your goals.

A Word of Caution: Not all Subliminal Tapes & Cd's are Equal...

Subliminal stimulation has been scientifically validated as a means to bring about desired behavioral change. However, not all subliminal tapes and Cd's are equal; their effectiveness depends on tow key factors: the article of the subliminal messages and the ability of production-including the engineering and electronic mixing of the sound recordings.

Certain output methods used by some fellowships claiming to comprise 100,000 or more subliminal affirmations are of very questionable at best. In order to furnish recordings with this number of affirmations per hour, the voice track must be speeded up until it becomes an unintelligible high-pitched squeal and or/ multi-layered many, many times until there is only a garbled confusion of sounds.

While 100,000 affirmations per hour may make tantalizing advertising copy, there is no documented evidence that the squeal of a high - speed sound track or the garbled confusion of many multi-layered tracks can be understood by the subconscious mind. In fact, the vast majority of scientific experiments that have been done on subliminal programs were done with surprisingly few affirmative statements. In fact, in the study referenced earlier by Dr. Parker, the students were only exposed to a very few subliminal statements at each session, and yet because the statements were carefully constructed, the results were dramatically positive.

There exists No scientific proof that the subconscious makes meaningful responses to any input that is unintelligible. In fact, the marvelous consensus from both professionals and the literature suggests that a subliminal verbal transportation should be delivered gently and methodically.

The importance of the article of the messages used on subliminal tapes and Cd's can't be overemphasized. It is primary that the affirmations be inevitable since inevitable negative or aversive subliminal statements may not only decrease the effectiveness of the tape or Cd, they may even be counterproductive. It is wise for whatever using subliminal programs to be aware of not only how the tapes and Cd's are made, but what messages are on them. Having a script of the exact statements on a subliminal program is invaluable. It will serve not only to forewarn you of the nature and article of the subliminal messages that will be programming your subconscious mind, but it can also serve as reserved supply for aware reinforcement.

Who Uses Subliminal Programs & Cd'S

Clinics, Hospitals, & healing Professionals...
There is a rapidly addition professional awareness of the effectiveness of subliminal programming in the fields of medicine and behavioral therapy. An addition number of healing professionals and clinics are using our subliminals as a marvelous supplement to conventional medicine programs. Subliminals are effectively used to originate a relaxed, harmonious atmosphere, to promote healing and more rapid recovery. Although subliminals are not intended to replace or substitute for specialist healing advice or treatments, they are being used in addition to other therapies to help facilitate improvement.

Schools & Universities...
Educators are recognizing the value of subliminals to help students build inevitable self-esteem, increase concentration, improve memory, and perform higher test scores. A number of schools and universities are using subliminals in classrooms to promote peak studying and accelerate trainee performance.

U.S. Government Agencies & Corporations...
Business executives, companies, governmental agencies and professional organizations are using subliminals to become more organized, increase productivity, efficiency. Creativity, and reduce stress.

Sales Organizations...
Sales organizations and sales people are using our subliminal programs to organize self-confidence, enthusiasm and motivation, to overcome procrastination and promote increased sales volume and income.

Athletes & Students involved in Sports...
Athletes, from professionals to elementary schools students, are using subliminal programs to increase motivation, will power, speed, coordination, strength, durability and unabridged performance.

Individuals for Self Improvements...
Our subliminal programs enable you to directly passage your subconscious mind to originate a inevitable self-image, increase self reliance and eliminate negative emotions.

Interpersonal relationships can be significantly improved using the subliminal programs specifically designed to promote a loving, friendly, affectionate attitude that radiates to everyone colse to you.
Many people use our subliminal programs to organize an enthusiastic, inevitable outlook on a prosperity consciousness to attract success and abundance.

You can design your own personal self-improvement program by selecting titles from the addition choice of subliminal programs we produce. You can improved any area of your life you rule to work on. By stimulating your subconscious mind with the inevitable messages on the programs you select, you will be able to rid yourself of negative beliefs, thoughts and feelings that are inhibiting your enjoyment and success in life. You can explore hidden abilities, inner strengths, and a prosperous, fulfilling life you may have never dreamed possible.

Questions & Answers On Subliminal Programs

Question: How do you use subliminal programs?
Answer: Subliminal mental programming is a passive process, relying on the natural ability of the subconscious mind to absorb data below the general range of your aware awareness. No active involvement, concentration, or leisure is primary for subliminal programs to work successfully.

Subliminal programs can be used anytime your like, day or night. Simply play the program in the background as you go about your daily activities. The programs do not have to be played at high volume. As long as you can hear the music or environmental sounds, your subconscious mind will pick up the subliminal suggestions in the program. They can be played as a soft, soothing background all day or night, even while listening to other music or Tv. You can also soften the result even additional by adjusting the tone controls on your player.

Subliminal programs can be listened to anytime day or night while you are doing virtually any activity-relaxing, reading, studying, eating, talking on the phone, at the office, while you are exercising.

Question: Do You advise Using More Than One Subliminal program At A Time?
Answer: The effectiveness of our subliminal programs can be compounded by using a compatible assortment of titles. However, in order to avoid overloading yourself, we advise not working on more than 2 or 3 behavioral changes at a time. Programs not having to do with addictions or major life changes can be used together very effectively and will often work together to well reinforce one another.

Question: How Often Should I Listen To The Subliminal Programs?
Answer: You can't well overdo listening to inevitable programs. The more often you listen, the faster you will begin to see results. It is recommended that you play your subliminal programs at least once a day and more often if possible. If you want to enlarge the result of the programs and get results more quickly, listen to them several times each day and night.

Question: How Soon Can I Expect Results From Using The Subliminal Programs?
Answer: For many people there are immediate, observable, and in some cases, dramatic results after listening to our subliminal programs only a few times. However, because each person is unique, results will vary from person to person. Remember, it has taken years to originate the life you have today. The results of listening to subliminal messages are cumulative, so the desired changes will occur provided adequate repetitions and time are allowed for all levels of your consciousness to absorb the new inevitable programming. practically everyone will be able to see inevitable improvement in 60 days or less.

Question: Once I Have Achieved Results, Do I Need To Continue Listening To The Subliminal Program?
Answer: If you are using a subliminal program to help you reach a specific goal, such as losing twenty pounds or quitting smoking, once you have achieved the goal, you may have no need to continue using the tape. However, many people find it helpful to continue playing the subliminal programs from time to time for inevitable reinforcement. If you feel a desire to return to an old habit such as smoking or eating foods that cause you to gain weight, we advise you use the subliminal programs again ordinarily until the desire passes. You may wish to use some of our subliminal programs on an ongoing basis whenever you feel the need. This applies particularly to such titles as Stress Reduction, Start the Day Great, Stop Procrastination, and our many spiritual titles. The main principle is to use the programs as long as or as often as you feel you want or need their benefits.
Subliminal programs provide you with an efficient and pleasant way to bring about continuing personal change. We couple the most industrialized electronic technology with the newest scientific knowledge of how the mind works and how behaviors are carefully to provide you with state-of-the-art subliminal programming. Many thousands have found that using our subliminal programs helped them improve their lives and perform inevitable results that seem practically miraculous!

References

Becker, H. C., "Subliminal transportation Advances in Audiovisual Engineering Applications for Behavior Therapy and Education." Proceedings of the 1978 organize of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Region 3 Conference.
Becker, H. C., "Subliminal transportation and Hypnosis," Presentation to the American society of Clinical Hypnosis, 25th every year Scientific Meeting, Denver, Colorado, October 24-30, 1976.
Becker, H. C., & McDonagh, E.W., "Subliminal transportation (Subliminal Psychodynamic Activation) in Rehabilitative and Preventive Medicine," Proceedings of the 1978 organize of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Region 3 Conference. April 10-12, 1978, Atlanta.
Bower, Bruce. "Subliminal Messages: Changes for the Better?" Science News, Vol. 129, March 8, 1986
Budzynski, Thomas. "Tuning in on the Twilight Zone," science of mind Today., Vol. 11, August 1977, pp. 38-44.
Dixon, N. F., "Preconscious Processing," New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1981.
Dixon, N. F., "Subliminal Perception: The Nature of a Controversy." London: McGraw Hill, 1971.
Maxwell, Neil, "Words Whispered to Subconscious Supposedly Deter Thefts, Fainting." Wall street Journal, November 25, 1980.
Parker, Kenneth A., "Effects of Subliminal Symbolic Stimulation on academic Performance." Journal of Counseling Psychology, Vol. 29 (1), 1982.
Silverman, L. H., Martin, A., Ungaro, R., & Mendelsohn, E., "Effect of Subliminal Stimulation of Symbiotic Fantasies on Behavior Modification medicine of Obesity." Journal of Consulting Clinical Psychology, pp. 46, 432-441, 1978.
"Subliminal transportation Technology," Hearing before the Committee on Science and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives, Ninety-eighth Congress, Second Session, No. 105, August 6, 198

Subliminal Perception - How it Works

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The Best Dvr Player Software

A good potential Dvr player software agenda should be able to accomplish a amount of dissimilar functions. Not only does it allow the user to article and also edit a amount of dissimilar tracks but it allows them to add extra effects also. As you will soon learn that the discrete audio and video recordings that you can use with Dvr come with some effects of their own.

Some of these recordings allow for the user to compress, reverb, chorus and flanger, whilst others come with a tube amp or vocal removers, plus much more. But in order for the software to function properly it needs to work alongside a good potential Dvr card. Often what you indeed find that the software required has been embedded into the cards that the manufacturers have produced.

This then results in the potential of the doing of the machine to be much higher and less chances of them indeed conflicting with each other. As many people have discovered today most Pc's will have Dvr software indeed embedded into their machines and makes it much easier to upgrade the software when required.

The main benefit to be had from having Dvr player software on your Pc is that it makes it much easier for you to article footage or videos as well as store and retrieve the files. What this software does it converts the images, spirited pictures or other kinds of pictures in to a digital format.

In order to run a good potential Dvr player software holder on your Pc you will need to have the following:-

1. Have 1.3 Ghz or more

2. The Pc should come with 256Mb Ram

3. Should either Run Windows Xp Home or Pro or have Media town Edition on it.

4. Have a good potential sound card

5. The video graphics card in the Pc should come with Agp8X as well as 128Mb video Ram at the very least

6. A good broadband connection

As long as your Pc contains the above then running the right Dvr player software on yours should not be a problem. But getting hold of the right Dvr software is very easy to achieve. A quick crusade of the internet and you will be faced with numerous sites gift downloads, which can have you editing your own videos all in a matter of minutes. There are Dvr player software programs ready online such as Beyond Tv 4.0 which allows you to then change your Pc from being just that into a Dvr (digital video recorder) and it will only take a matter of minutes for you to accomplish this.

The Best Dvr Player Software

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Guide to studying The Microcontroller Embedded system

Are you a young school trainee finding for study data to learn microcontrollers?

Are you a high school / college trainee finding for data to found your microcontroller based project?

Are you an old man planning to convert your old digital technology based found to a compact microcontroller based design?

Are you working in an assosication and want to upgrade your skills for microcontroller and embedded law design?

You all are from collection of age, expertise and skill levels. But your need is same. Your basic ask is same. Your objective is same. That's to "Learn Microcontroller based design."

You are on right track as you have decided to go along with microcontrollers for your all electronics projects. There is no other good formula than using a microcontroller in product design.

Here are the steps and data for you to get started:

1. Your knowledge and ability:

Every human is unique in the knowledge he has acquired and the abilities he has.

Knowledge indicates the "experience" and quality indicate "time required to solve a found problem"

e.g. I know C language very well but I can't solve a "Array Sorting program easily."

This indicates having knowledge of C programming is not sufficient but one should have good quality to "Analyze and solve the question statement".

And this is the key and most prominent feature required while working with any microcontroller based embedded found system.

In other word this quality to solve problems is called as "Logic of creating solutions".

2. Hardware & Software

Microcontroller based embedded law designing is aggregate of hardware and software.

Microcontroller is a small Integrated Chip (Ic) and is the hardware part of the system. This small chip called microcontroller has installation to store a "Program" inside it. This is called as software.

You as a product designer, must have both expertise. Lets understand this by one example:

"You have been assigned a simple task to found and found a product to display room temperature"

This scheme will need following components:

1. The temperature sensor (e.g. Lm35)

2. A Microcontroller (e.g. Atmega8 Avr) to read the data from temperature sensor.

3. A 16 chars by 2 lines (16x2) Lcd display

4. Dc Voltage regulator 5V (7805 based)

Once you have this set ready, then its time to create a circuit / schematics for this.

Here is the point where you start learning about internals of microcontroller Atmega8.

Learn the hardware aspect of this microcontroller and then the software. The software writing is using Assembly or C Language.

3. Tools and equipments

A Pc / Laptop, installed with Ide (development environment), Isp Programmer hardware, Starter kit / target board and some books or reference manuals or a Computer based Tutorial.

In above example we have prime Atmega8 microcontroller. This is made by Atmel and is from Avr family of controllers. This is 8 bit controller.

WinAvr/ Avrstudio is used as Ide for writing program.

There are many Isp programmers (hardware) ready in the market.

Starter kit helps you to experiment and test your program by downloading (flashing) the industrialized source code into the Atmega8 microcontroller.

Books, reference manuals and Computer based tutorial will help you to get started with the new and animated world of microcontrollers.

There are some other microcontrollers ready like Pic, 8051, Arm, etc.

Every family has some unique features to offer and you have to decide which feature you need the most.

Cost of the microcontroller is also an prominent factor in selecting. Other factors but prominent are availability of tools like compilers, Ides, starter kits, programmers, books and reference material.

Guide to studying The Microcontroller Embedded system

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popular Microcontrollers

Embedded systems are not just involved projects in electronic laboratories--they are gift in daily devices. Every mobile device, galvanic toy or kitchen appliance has some electronic board which normally includes a programmable device--microcontroller. This is a extra microprocessor with peripheral devices and I/O ports. Depending on the volume of the gismo the builder can determine either to originate an Asic--a dedicated integrated circuit which performs all functions for this gismo or to make a proper board with various components. In both cases some microcontroller is used, either as a soft core in Asic or a proper integrated circuit.

There is a plethora of choices from open-source projects to various Ip cores with requisite royalties for each device. Despite this selection there are few microcontroller families that are beloved because of their flexibility, suited amelioration tools or because of historical reasons.

Arm

This is currently the hottest Risc core used in practically all mobile phones, transportable devices and many other applications. It has suited education set, low consumption, offers easy integration and there are many good amelioration tools for easy amelioration and debugging. The Arm core is also used in many beloved microcontroller families from Atmel, Luminary Micro (now Texas Instruments), Nxp and many other manufacturers. These microcontrollers are very beloved among embedded engineers and are used in various applications from automotive manufactures to hobby projects.

Avr

This is one of the most beloved microcontroller families from Atmel. It is also very beloved among hobby engineers and it is used in many projects from uncomplicated Led controllers to involved communication devices. The Risc architecture offers fast carrying out and low power consumption. amelioration tools are ready for free which is a great bonus for electronics enthusiasts. Avr is a direct competitor to Microchip's Pic. Some favor Avr, others like Avr. There is no clear winner. Both families work well. It is up to the developer/programmer what he like or prefers.

Pic

This is a prominent microcontroller house from Microchip. Pics are ready in very small packages with only few pins and also as suited 32-bit microcontrollers with many peripheral modules and I/O pins. They are very beloved among hobby engineers--in hobby projects you will find either Avr or Pic.

8051

This is a very old 8-bit microcontroller architecture that has managed to survive for more than 30 years. Many exquisite compilers, a lot of code examples and uncomplicated amelioration has contributed to the popularity of this family. This core is still used in many modern microcontrollers from Silabs, Nxp, Atmel and many other microcontroller manufacturers. It is very likely that the 8051 is the most widely used core in embedded applications. Of course, many new designs will probably use Arm or some other advanced architecture, but because of popularity of the 8051 house in the past and availability of amelioration tools it is still used in many applications.

popular Microcontrollers

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Is the Pic 16F84 Dead? - The Most favorite Microcontroller Of All Time

Is the 16F84 too old for your electronic projects?

If you don't know what a 16F84 is then you have never heard of Microchip(R) - a firm that creates remarkable stand alone microcontrollers. A microcontroller is simply a very small computer but unlike accepted computing systems all is contained within the expedient itself. There are no external peripherals such as Ram, Eprom, I/O devices.

If you are looking for an easy way to generate your own projects then microcontrollers fit the bill because they:

• Are very Small (some have 8 pins and even smaller have 5).
• Have many internal peripherals.
• Are based on reprogrammable internal memory
• Have built in timers.
• Have internal Ram.

In short they are ideal for controlling your projects -- all you have to do is program them.

This is one of the spectacular advantages over doing discrete designs since if you make a mistake in a discrete invent you will have to debug and re-wire. With a microcontroller you can just re-program the expedient in circuit (having simulated the code to outline out the mistake first).

Even best is the fact that you can make industrialized projects, because internally the peripherals operate quite fast e.g. You could generate a 50Mhz frequency counter using no external components (except a display).

Languages

In fact you can program them in many different languages but the most beloved is motor code. The infer for it's popularity is the fact that MicroChip(R) created all the tools requisite for amelioration of a motor code program for free so you will find many many examples of accumulator code on the internet.

Personally I don't like motor coding in accumulator (although I can use it if needed e.g. For speed) because it takes a huge whole of time compared to using a high level language. In fact I would say it takes 10 times as long with assembler. Also accumulator is a totally unstructured language; meaning that it is very hard to profess i.e. If you want to add a module then you probably have to enumerate the whole of the code whereas with a high level language areas of code are protected rescue you from development mistakes.

Microchip has released many hundreds of different devices (now vastly improved over the 16F84) but the basic doing of each one is based on the customary invent and even if you only studied the customary 16F84 (Ok there was a 16C84) you would have a pretty good idea of how all of the range of devices work.

That is the great power of the MicroChip(R) devices i.e. You learn something using one expedient and you are adding to your knowledge for the whole range - for instance to program a 12F675, 16F84, 16F88 or 16F877 you need to know only about Icsp because that interface is shared across the whole range. This means your studying curve is greatly reduced.

Of procedure there are some specialized peripherals that are for pro developers such as driving the pins of a dedicated Lcd but you only need to incorporate on the accepted peripherals (good examples are in the 12F675, 16F88, 16F628 and 16F877).

Peripherals

In fact there are about 15 accepted internal peripherals for the contemporary (16F range) expedient whereas the 16F84 has only one.

This is why I believe that the 16F84 has had a good running but it's now time to say goodbye to it. Other reasons for this are that it has a quarter the memory size of a 16F88 and now costs about 5 times as much.

Note The 16F88 and 16F628 borrow heavily from the 16F84 even having the same pinout so you won't have any issue if you are already used to a 16F84.

Summary

The 16F84 is probably too old for serious invent because there are newer (backwards compatible) devices that will allow you to generate far more capable projects.

Is the Pic 16F84 Dead? - The Most favorite Microcontroller Of All Time

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Pic Microcontroller Timer Calculation

Do you get stuck doing Pic microcontroller timer calculation juggling between datasheet, calculator and your build requirements?

If so then you need some tools to automate the process.

Calculations

Typically you will need to focus on the end consequent which is usually to make the timer originate a frequency or measure a time period. This is fairly difficult when you first have to find the facts in the datasheet and then inventory for prescalers and postscalers etc.

Pic Timer 0 : Calculation example

Here is an example of the typical calculations for creating an 18ms interrupt repeat rate using Pic Timer 0.

Selecting a prescaler ratio of 1:128 gives the following interrupt period (with Fosc/4 or 4Mhz/4 = 1Mhz) and using the maximum overflow from Timer 0.

1/(1Mhz/128/256) = 32.768ms

Obviously this is longer than you need but you can cut it down by changing the overflow point (in the interrupt). To do this you need the period of the frequency input to Timer 0 which is:

1/(1Mhz/128) = 128us

This is the period of time for each count in Timer 0 i.e.

256 * 128us = 32.768ms

So by manipulating the overflow point you can set the overall interrupt period. The required period is 18ms so some calculations:

18ms/128us = 140.625 (nearest integer value is 141)

This is the whole of counts required after which the interrupt is generated. To use it Timer 0 it is loaded in the following manner:

Tmr0 = 256-143; // need 141 but Timer 0 looses 2 at load.

From this point on every 128us is counted by Timer 0 and it will overflow after 141 counts (or 18ms)

141 * 128us = 18ms

Tcl Scripts for Pic Timer calculation

Every time you use any built in Pic timer you have to do these type of calculations and the hardware in each timer is dissimilar and you'll also have to do battle with interrupts.

To make the process easy you can use three on-line (free) interactive script modules written in Tcl (Tool Command Language). They control in a similar way to a Java applets.

Each of these scripts is geared towards the most typical use of each timer and lets you turn prescaler, postscaler or register value using slider controls. This makes it easy to experiment with dissimilar values as the consequent is immediately displayed in the web page (frequency and period are displayed from each part of the timer e.g. After the prescaler, after the register, after the postscaler).

The above calculation is now trivial just move the sliders nearby until you get close to your desired Pic timer period and then adjust the timer value to home in on the spoton answer.

So you can do what-if type operations (all without a calculator in sight) e.g. 'I need a 15ms repeat rate'.

From Timer 2 the closest I could get is 15.136 (took 1 minutes to test) - perhaps I'll try timer 1 - Ah that gives an exact 15ms (took 30 seconds to test). Just check with Timer 0 - this gives 15.040ms (took ~30 seconds to test).

Of course you can also set the main clock frequency (internal or external crystal) as well.

Pic Timer 0

This has an 8 bit prescaler and an 8 bit timer and can be driven from an external clock.

Prescaler : 8 bit

Timer register : 8 bit

Link to Pic-Timer 0 calculator

Pic Timer 1

This has a 4 bit prescaler and an 16 bit timer and can be driven from an external clock. It can also be driven from a slow speed crystal e.g. 32kHz.

Prescaler : 4 bit
Timer register: 16 bit

Link to Pic-Timer 1 calculator.

Pic Timer 2

This has a 4 bit prescaler and an 8 bit timer and an 8 bit period register and is only driven from the internal clock (Fosc/4)

Note: the period register lets you originate an output frequency with no further processing i.e. You don't have to modernize the timer register value in an interrupt routine as you do with Timer 0 or Timer 1 - this makes it easy to use (although it's tricky to get right - unless you use the calculator scripts).

Prescaler : 2 bit (1:1, 1:4, 1:16)

Timer register: 8 bit

Period register : 8 bit

Postscaler : 4 bit (1:1 to 1:16 inclusive)

Link to Pic-Timer 2 calculator.

Pic Microcontroller Timer Calculation

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About Microcontroller

The microcontroller is a special type of microprocessor and it integrates the components of microprocessor in singular chip which builds a singular integrated circuit, it contains the processor core, input/output peripheral and these microcontrollers needs the devices to procure the data from inputs. The microcontroller can be broadly classified as three types as 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit microcontroller.

The 8-bit microcontroller consists of internal buses and Alu. The Alu is an arithmetic and logic unit. It performs arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction and logical operations like And, Or gate operations. The microcontroller commonly contains some whole of normal purpose input/output pins. Hence, when normal purpose I/O Pins are referred to an input state, they used to read the sensors and when it is configured to output stage. The pins can drive devices as Leds. The architectures of microcontroller have some designs include normal purpose processor with more whole Ram, Rom or I/O functions.

Interrupts:
Interrupt used in the microcontroller is used to wake up the expedient from a low power sleep mode and these interrupt sources are expedient dependent.

Programming:
Generally, many micro-controllers were programmed only in assembly language, but nowadays discrete high-level programming languages can also be used for programming of microcontroller. Hence, the programs of microcontroller should be fit in the available on chip program memory and the memory may be read-only memory or flash read only memory. In microcontroller to turn high-level and collector language codes into motor language, assemblers and compilers are used.

Features:
1. Typically microcontroller includes a Cpu, Rom, Ram, and timers.
2. A microcontroller is independent and self-contained.
3. It is designed for a exact task to control the singular system.
4. It is typically designed using Cmos.

Applications of Microcontroller:
1. Blood cell recorder cum analyzer, Ecg display cum recorder and inpatient monitoring system.
2. Some of communication systems like mobile phones, cable Tv, and Fax machines.
3. Peripheral devices of a computer like Lan Controller, Dram Controller, laser printer Controller.
4. It is also used in automotive applications like breaking system, and a dynamic ride control
5. Crt display controller, a spectrum analyzer, frequency analyzer and so on.

Hence the microcontroller contains its own clock, parallel ports, peripheral functions and especially it contains the own memory. In the Pic microcontroller, it contains both the Ram memory to store only the data and flash memory where the instructions are stored. Additionally, it also contains separate kinds of instructions set and serial communication functions.

About Microcontroller

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