LocateNtrack - vehicle Tracking principles

Basic technologies for vanilla Vts In car device

1. A Gps and Gsm / Gprs enabled embedded microcontroller withoptionalSd card / Usb for storage capabilities is used for capturing the real-time location and transferring them to the server.
2. The device operates on car battery with indispensable security from voltage / current surge. It also has battery backup.
3. In case of theft the car can be immobilized remotely.
4. Support for external antennas for good range and accuracy.
5. Instant Sms and email alerts in case any undesired events or crisis situations.

Web application

1. Web application is sued for live monitoring of devices lively around.
2. Rich graphical user interface makes system usage a excellent experience.
3. It presents you with current locations, route trace, andtravel history of the vehicle.
4. It also provides alerts in case of geo-fence violation (you can mark boundaries along a road or you can have a area-wise fencing) and overspending alerts.

Vts accessories

Only car tracking is not enough in most of the cases. Enhanced versions of Vts also provides following value added services to cater to definite requirement of converyance fleet owners.

Rfid

Can be used be daily travelers (bus or cabs) for authentication of travelers. Each passenger is in case,granted with a Rfid card and the Vts is installed with Rfid reader. This helps in getting real time location information of each passenger. Location details of where a passenger was picked up and dropped are provided. This is a favorite of the Bpo companies to ensure security of ladies staff being picked up and dropped at night.

Fuel level sensor

Helps in monitoring fuel usage. The web application provides fuel usage statistics for a given period of time. Typical fuel sensors are not very precise and regularly this highlight fails to supply good accuracy. Some added experimentation is being done in this area but most of the current implementation only supply an indication of fuel usage and roughly cannot be used to detect theft of few liters of fuel.

Temperature monitor

Monitoring cargo climatic characteristic is extremely prominent for maintaining the food potential while transport. This clarification is especially used when carrying milk, ice creams, fresh fruits and vegetables, and any load from cold storages. If for some speculate the drivers happen to turn off the inventory (typically to save petrol) and the climatic characteristic rises beyond approved level, immediate declaration is sent to the fleet owner. Also minute-by-minute climatic characteristic history is recorded in the device (and on the web server) thus ensuring no conflicts between the carrier and the customer. This clarification is very favorite in the cold storage logistics companies.

Camera

A camera can be integrated with Vts to periodically change still images to the web server. This helps in identifying the driver and no one can cheat car owners anymore. Typically driver's image is sent once a wee to the server thus ensuring that there is no proxy-driver. This clarification is favorite with the bus / taxi owners with large fleets which are in cities other than their home town.

Operational difficulties

Accuracy of Gps

Typical Gps receivers supply an accuracy of 10 to 15 meters vertically and about 20 meters horizontally. Gps receivers regularly need locking of four satellites to get valid data. Accuracy increases with growth in the amount of satellites locked. The potential of Gps signal depends on the state of atmosphere, both its upper (e.g. Ionosphere) and the lower layer that influences the weather conditions. Sometimes, on cloudy and humid days the Gps receivers may have problems with calculating its position.

Start up time

When the device boots up after a power down cycle it regularly takes a consolidate of minutes to accumulate the coordinates. This is technically referred as 'Cold Start' where the Gps receiver does not have valid almanac and ephemeris. It regularly takes time to accumulate valid almanac and ephemeris data. Once the data is obtained it is stored in Ram and can be added used to accumulate data quickly. If power supervision is implemented and device wakes up after periodic time interval to capture locations, the time required to accumulate locations is in 10's of seconds. This is technically referred as 'Hot or Warm Start'; here the Gps receiver has valid almanac and ephemeris data stored in Ram and only communicates with the satellite to get coordinates.

No Gps connectivity in grand regions

If for some reasons the Gps receiver cannot lock required amount of satellites, location data cannot be obtained, in such cases there is partial loss of data. There is no clarification to this type of situations, as the source itself cannot supply required data; however, these are extremely rare.

No Gsm / Gprs in remote locations

It is a well known fact that all the places on the planet do that have Gsm / Gprs service available. In such case the acquired Gps location data are stored in the device and once Gprs network is ready the stored data can be transferred to the server. This essentially means that the tracking device needs to have indispensable storage capacity to store few 1000's of location details. Some solutions offer Gsm (Sms) to change the data in absence of Gprs connectivity. This helps in getting real-time data at places with Gsm connectivity but no or weak Gprs signal. A few solutions also offer dual Sim functionality to ensure that connectivity hampered only in situations where none of the two service providers can offer any service. This is very useful in India!

Frequency of data logging

Data logging frequency from Gps module can be as low as 5 seconds to few minutes. regularly 5 seconds is required in very few cases. Data sampling rates typically varies for each requirement. Tracking systems regularly can set this period legitimately using web interface or Sms.

Defining Geo-fences

Geo-fencing is an extremely indispensable highlight that all tracking solutions 'Have To' provide. General solutions offer circular geo-fencing that would raise alerts when the car moves out of an area. Any way for containers or high value goods converyance it is extremely indispensable to have a boundary drawn over the road. This type of geo-fencing along with stoppage reports virtually eliminates any theft of good. Defining a geo-fence along a boundary can be a painstaking activity; no user interface can legitimately offer an enjoyable palpate to define a geo-fence adjoining to a road. In such cases, reference runs can be used for fencing the roads swiftly and with minimum user efforts.

Environmental impacts

Heat, vibrations, dusty conditions loose connections and other open environment problems have an impact on tracking vehicles efficiently. It is extremely indispensable to setup a well tested / enclosed device, especially on India roads which are not only rough but also bumpy at times!

Cost of Gsm / Gprs service

It is a myth that using Gprs for car tracking applications is an extremely high-priced affair. However, assorted services providers in India supply with data plans specially meant for car tracking applications with a monthly rent of as low as 50 Rs (less than a dollar)!

Willful sabotage

Gps antenna wire cut or removed

When person cuts a Gps antenna or removes it physically for bad intentions, the device can sense that swiftly and notify the server via Gprs or Gsm. The server application sends an instant declaration to the involved citizen in form of Sms. The device can legitimately distinguish between no satellites locked or no data at all, which nullifies the possibility of false alarms.

Gsm antenna wire cut or removed

This is a very tricky situation where the device can do nothing but log the information along with date time stamp and whenever there is connectivity (antenna is connected again)sends it as an alarm. This type of sabotage cannot be detected in real-time, Any way the information sent later can be used for post-mortem analysis.

Power wire cut intentionally

When the power wire is cut the devices control on battery. They send an immediate mains fail signal to the server which than propagates this information to involved people. The modern day devices are lively enough to distinguish between power cut and machine off situations.

Temperature sensors tampered or wire cut

In climatic characteristic sensitive container monitoring if optimal or required temperatures are not maintained huge losses can incur. Drivers intend to turn off the machine to save on fuel costs. The climatic characteristic sensors can swiftly sense that and send notifications to server. To avoid this, the drivers might cut off the climatic characteristic sensor wires. When something like this happens the device can sense the sabotage swiftly and notify the server via Gprs or Gsm. The server application sends an instant declaration to the involved citizen in form of Sms.

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beginning Your Invention With the Arduino Starter Kit

The Arduino starter kit is often used by inventors who want to create a good grab bag of parts for their creative thinking - pulling together all kinds of favourite herbs and spices in the amateur electronics enthusiast's recipe book. It includes the Arduino Uno board, the newest microcontroller open source board from SparkFun - plus an array of devices, sensors, cables and connectors convenient for any inventive emergency!

The Arduino does not come with a printed manual, so if you are new to the Arduino universe you might want to try a SparkFun Inventor's Kit - or maybe buy both to maximise your parts potential. That said, of course, you can all the time get the data you need from the web, in true open source style - join a few forums, get out there and start studying "on the job" by copying other people's projects and looking how they might be tweaked so they can work even better!

The Arduino starter kit embodies the whole ethos of peon source, which has started to move in on mainstream amelioration as even the big fellowships start to realise just what a indispensable reserved supply the hobbying electronics enthusiast really is. With Arduino starter kit users taking existing platforms and developing new technology, new devices and new driver using just their imagination and their creativity, the inherent for new products is as real as it is huge.

So how do you make the most of your Arduino kit? Depends how much sense you already have. The best way to learn is by doing - that is the whole ethos of the hobby electronics world after all - but that doesn't mean you need to throw yourself in at the deep end. You can compose a few straightforward applications first, getting to know how all things works, what kind of sensors you need, that kind of thing.

The more you read, the more use your Arduino will be. From creating that first straightforward application to developing a whole new touch screen environment for a smart phone is only a matter of conference knowledge and practising.

Though there is of procedure one other part of the equation that you need to pay concentration to. The best inventions happen when the originator perceives some kind of need that has yet to be fulfilled - something that habitancy want to do but, as yet, have no gadget to help them do it. Who knows - perhaps your Arduino starter kit could get you into something like that?

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7 Ways How to Teach Phonics at Home

Phonics is probably one of the best things you could ever endow to your children. The essentials of phonics involve the connection of spoken English to the letters in the alphabet. Teaching your children phonics at home will give them a good grasp of English so that they will be globally competitive someday.

Here are some ways in which you can teach your children who are 4 years old and above to learn phonics early on:

7 Ways How to Teach Your Children Phonics

1. Converse - Talking to children will construct their quality to listen and imitate. Conversations will help children listen to the sounds as you say them correctly.

2. Act it Out - As actions speak louder than words, teaching sound to your child using funny and enjoyable facial expressions and hand and body movements has been found very effective. Movements will break the monotony in learning and you children will all the time look forward to fun activities of interaction. Moreover, the actions will enhance the transfer of the sounds to your children.

3. Flashcards - Pictures captivate the interest and curiosity of the child. Flash some picture cards while you say the sound of the letters and you make connection easier for the child. Pick pictures that are especially designed for children - easy and colorful.

4. Nursery Rhymes - rhyming will let the children have a view of what the letters of the alphabets can do when sounded or blended together. Nursery rhymes have indicated humor for children to enjoy learning.

5. Dvd Programs - Watch educational copies of phonics at home to make children imitate the sound easily. Most phonics programs can be viewed in the computer where teaching is done through games. Educational games are fun activities which you and your child can engage in.

6. Education Cartoons - For children, seeing their favorite cartoon character talk and act out will become an inspiration and challenge for them to learn phonics. There are vast arrays of cartoon shows that teach phonics for kids. Let the television and the internet be your tandem in teaching phonics lessons.

7. Computer games and programs - computer models stimulate the child's learning ability. Studies have shown that through using a computer model that shows the phonics learning of children, you are honing a skilled reader in the future.

These are easy tips for parents on how to teach phonics at home. The child who is good in phonics can construct a good reading skill and will be able to catch up in learning other subjects that are related

7 Ways How to Teach Phonics at Home

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How to Get an Electrical Engineer Degree?

An electrical engineer is far from just manufacture light bulbs as they have an enormous selection of occupation paths to select from. An electrical engineer can select the following industry as their occupation path: power transmission, electromagnetic, signal processing, control law design, industrial appliances, instrumentations, telecommunications, embedded systems, bioelectricity etc.

Sounds attractive doesn't it? So how does one come to be an electrical engineer then? You will need to be curious in how things work and have the enthusiasm to find the solution. You will also need to excel in Math, Chemistry and Physic courses during high school. Another important skill one needs to survive in pursuing an Electrical Engineering schooling is programming.

During your years in university as an electrical engineering student, you will have many opportunities to use your programming skills as practically all today has a microcontroller inside, along with the alarm clock that you woke up to. So brush up on those programming skills! An electrical engineer with both proven hardware and software skills will be a primary asset for companies.

In your undergraduate studies, you can also partake in dissimilar engineering explore projects happening in the campus. You can learn a lot of knowledge from the professors and graduate students that would not regularly be able to learn in courses. Another chance that is excellent for your occupation is to partake in Internship/Co-Op programs. These programs are offered by many clubs in which they would contribute you work feel in the industry that you are curious in.

I hope this would be sufficient information for you in what to expect when you pursue this occupation path.

Good Luck!

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Usb Microcontroller Communications Architecture for Human Interface device (Hid)

The Usb communications architecture is designed to enable computing devices such as desktop Pcs and laptops to interconnect with many other peripheral devices. A Usb uses a two wire serial communications link running at one of three dissimilar speeds: 1.5 megabits per second (low speed), 12 Mbps (full speed) and 480 Mbps (high speed). Usb devices are categorized into discrete device classes such as display, communication, audio, mass warehouse and human interface.

The Human Interface device (Hid) Class defines coarse behaviors and functions for touch screen interfaces. The Hid class includes peripherals such as keyboards, mice, trackballs, joysticks, touch pads and touch screens that enable end users to operate and interact with the computing system. Hid also includes provisions for output directed to the end user. The Hid specification requires one operate endpoint and one interrupt endpoint with the host.

The operate pipe typically handles enumeration and device configuration while the interrupt pipe is used for data transfer. Descriptors define a Usb device to the host regarding the type of device, the device manufacturer, Usb1.x or 2.0 or 3.0 support, device configuration, endpoints quantities and types, etc. Touch screen device descriptors tell the host which endpoints and transfer types are supported. In addition to handling approved Usb requests, Hid devices must riposte to all approved Hid requests. Data must be transferred within defined structures called reports, which can be transferred over either the operate pipe or interrupt pipe.

Hid devices can transfer information stored in reports with the host through the operate pipes. This transfer is typically reserved for configuration information or device identification. The Usb specification defines the transfer sequence for the operate pipe, which has a higher level of error checking than other transfer methods. The host application programming interface (Api) calls used to send data through the operate pipe differ from those used for the interrupt pipe. While enumeration, the device requests how often it wants the host to ask for the data or send the data. After enumeration is complete, the host schedules data transfers on a periodic basis. If the enumerated device is a touch screen, the touch screen Usb bridge or the touch controller (e.g., a controller that supports Usb natively) assembles the coordinates of the finger(s), as well as other associated information such as finger width, signal strengths, finger speed and gestures, and shop that data in a buffer. The data is transmitted to the host at the interval specified previously or upon unavoidable events such as a finger's touch.

Usb Microcontroller Communications Architecture for Human Interface device (Hid)

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Functions and Advantages of Microchip Pic Microcontroller

Microchip Pic microcontroller is a gadget which is used in electronics media. Pic belongs to the family of microcontrollers which are made by microchip technology. The word Pic here means peripheral interface controller. The Pic are beloved and in high quiz, throughout the world because of the attributes it contains like it is widely available, it has low cost, it is a large user base device, it can work as an comprehensive variety of application notes, the improvement tools connected with it are free of cost sometimes ready at low cost, and serial programming capability. These are some of the perfect functions of microchip Pic microcontroller. The electronic devices are gaining popularity day by day round the globe because in modern days, this is an era of addition innovation and technology development.

The microchip Pic is characterized by few other attributes which are as follows: detach coding and data spaces. The instructions in small numbers of fixed length, most of the instructions are singular cycle execution, one accumulator, all Ram locations, hardware stack for storing return addresses; it is a fairly small estimate of data space which is extended straight through banking. Moreover data space mapped Cpu, port and peripheral registers and the program counter is also mapped in to the data space and writable, it is used to implement indirect jumps. Some of the advantages of using microchip microcontroller are: it needs to give small instructions, Risc architecture, built in oscillator with selectable speeds, easy entry level makes it user friendly, the low cost and reasonable nature of the chips allows every personel to buy it. Additionally, it includes wide range of interfaces together with I2C, Spi, Usb, Usart, A/D, programmable comparators, Pwm, Lin, Can and Psp.

Most of the population do not know that from where to buy microchip Pic, there are many modes to buy this Pic, you can have online modes and hand-operated ways. The hand-operated ways are mostly used in buying such items so that one can attach the chip to its ideas and can check numerous Pics that which one gets fit into the space ready for. On the other hand some population still refers to buy straight through online channels, there are some online websites which allows you to buy straight through them. You just have to agree the most proper Pic and can place the order. The items would be delivered to your home. The buying of these microchips Pic are not time involving nor are they cost consuming, your abundance of data get restore in few seconds.

Some of the limitations attached to the usage of microchip Pic could be: it has one accumulator, register bank switching is required to entrance the entire Ram of many devices, operations are not orthogonal, and some of its constructions can address Ram while others only make use off the accumulator.

However, the latest devices in this technology section have come with some improvements and they do not contain the similar drawbacks like the old ones. One of the examples of latest gadget which comes up in full complete usage form is Pic18.

Functions and Advantages of Microchip Pic Microcontroller

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How To Lose Belly Fat For Women

Belly fat is the most often asked ask by women, and of procedure they want the fastest and quickest way to lose it. There are many articles and diets out there that claim they can help you lose unwanted belly fat but it can be very overwhelming. I have been in the fitness commerce for 10 years and have worked with real women that have struggled with these issues. Let me say it can get a bit complicated then just going on a diet. Women do struggle more than men to lose this. You must be patient in the process as it is not a linear process.

First off, I don't like the word "diet" it sounds very negative, and is short-lived. Most women that go on fad diets gain the weight back and then some, which contributes more to losing belly fat. What you first must understand is that if you want to absolutely lose the belly fat you must adapt a wholesome life-style. You also must mentally get ready yourself for this and feel you are ready to change. It is a decision to be committed rather than just interested. Committed means you do what it takes, and curious is that you will only do just a wee and end up frustrated because you didn't get the results you wanted.

The first thing you want to do is look at your nutrition. The main thing to be involved about is calories. Too wee fat and the belly fat will not come off and the same thing for too many. You need to be in the right calorie deficit to lose belly fat. You might be thinking of what type of plan you should be on, but the real underground is how many fat you are taking in for the day, but also make sure that protein is set up to your daily requirement. This can vary anywhere from 1-1.5 grams per body weight or some like to go by their lean muscle mass.

The second thing you need to get is fish oils (6 grams daily) this will help you lose fat.
You absolutely need the right number and types of fat to lose the belly fat. Most programs can show you how to take weight off, put if your serious about losing the belly fat you need to focus on fat loss not weight loss for permanent results. As you progress your body will plateau and you absolutely have to keep adjusting your metabolism. This is done generally straight through nutrition.

Believe it or not sometimes you have to go up in fat in order to lose more belly fat. I know this may sound counterintuitive but it's true. Do this very carefully, otherwise you can end up worse off than before. I suggest hiring a extremely skilled fitness pro that knows how to do this. They must understand nutrition beyond the scope of what most people think.

Thirdly, is your training program. This will consist of both weight training and cardio. I find many women doing cardio the wrong way. Forget about long sessions on steady state cardio, these can absolutely furnish too much cortisol, which leads to belly fat. Many women are exercising this way to lose belly fat, when in fact they are being counterproductive in their exercise. The right way to do cardio to lose belly fat is interval and Hiit (high intensity interval training). These are short bursts that can be done covering or on a cardio machine. For example of Hiit would be 20 seconds of a workload followed by 30 seconds saving then repeat the cycle for 8-12 times then accomplish a moderate cool down. Intervals will be longer in both work and rest segments. When it comes to losing belly fat, weight training is very foremost and you want to keep a range of reps schemes.

Doing heavy sets one week (6-8 reps), and the following higher rep sets (10-15) is a good way to mix things up. There are many ways you could put together a weight training program, but I want to stress that you need to have range and don't think doing light weights and more reps is going to get rid of the belly fat either. Just to keep things simple, know that you need to vary your program. an additional one key to getting rid of belly fat is intensity, if you are working out and you are not sweating an breathing hard then you need to push yourself harder. Dont' waste time when you are working out, rather keep your sessions intense and keep rest brief in between sets (45 seconds- 2 wee rest). This will vary depending on your program.

The forth component is tracking your progress. Take your body fat every 2 weeks, along with measurements, pictures, and try on a pair of pants that are too small. Things can fluctuate so you might have the measurements read the same but your pants feel looser. I find that by doing all of these things gives you a more strict picture. Even the mirror can be deceiving as you look at yourself everyday, water weight can give you the wrong impression of progression. If you are not changing after every 3 weeks, you need to turn your program. Women tend to stay on the same program for a long time and wonder why things aren't working. Like I said in the beginning, losing belly fat is not a linear process. You're body will plateau, so you need to take the indispensable steps in tweaking your program.

Lastly, but most importantly is conditioning your mind to stay motivated. For some intuit this doesn't get addressed the way it should. all you do is a thinking process and that goes with losing the unwanted belly fat too.

How To Lose Belly Fat For Women

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Computer Locks Up - How to Fix a frosty Computer speedily

Have you been wondering why your computer locks up? Trying to pinpoint exactly what the question is? Computer frozen is a very base question but few ever comprehend exactly what causes it. Though the source of the issue is complex, the clarification to fix it can be quite easy. After explaining why your computer locks up, I will offer a very easy clarification you can use to fix a frozen computer right now.

Your computer locking up is caused by problems in the Windows registry. I am sure you have heard of the Windows registry but probably have wee idea how it works. Well here's how.

The registry is the particular most foremost component of your computer. It stores information to run all hardware, software, drivers, and other settings on your computer. When something needs to run it looks for the appropriate registry command to do so.

Unfortunately as your computer gets older and you setup or download new things, the registry becomes bloated with a ton of redundant, corrupt, and useless information. Windows has no tool to clean the registry so it soon becomes a complete mess.

When your computer locks up it is because the communication process in the middle of your hardware and software has shutdown. If there are registry errors it will cause computer frozen because the system simply does not know what to do.

The clarification to fix computer frozen is to mend the registry. Unfortunately it is nearly impossible to complete this task manually. The registry is so vast and complex, attempting to identify hundreds of errors can be quite time consuming. Luckily there is a program ready which can accomplish this task for you.

Simple scan your computer with it and the program will offer a full diagnosis to pinpoint why your computer locks up and how to fix it. The software will also speed up your Pc speed tremendously by clearing out all the excess junk slowing it down. Give it a try and scan your computer for free below.

Computer Locks Up - How to Fix a frosty Computer speedily

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Pic Micro Hardware Programming Methods

There are three ways to program a Pic microcontroller

1. Using general programming hardware (high volt programming Hvp).
2. Low volt programming (Lvp).
3. Bootloading.

The first two methods use the programming port of the Pic microcontroller labeled Icsp (In Circuit Serial Programming).

This port is shared between the existing pins of the microcontroller and after programming the pins revert back to general microcontroller operation.

Note: To make Icsp work correctly you have to think the effects and requirements of the Icsp programmer e.g. For Hvp a high voltage exists at the Vpp pin (your circuit must be able to handle the high voltage - up to 13V). Also the loading for the other signals Pgc and Pgd must not be too high i.e. Don't put an Led on these pins that uses 20mA - if you did the voltage levels would not be high enough at the inputs to the Pic for programming.

It's fairly easy to institute for Icsp use by using isolation resistors to general circuitry and choosing not to use heavy loads on these pins.

Icsp provides 6 connections from the pic Icsp programmer to your board as follows :

Vpp - (or Mclrn) Programming voltage (usually 13V).

Vcc - Power (usually 5V).

Gnd Ground (zero volts).

Pgd - Data usual port and connection Rb7.

Pgc - Clock usual port and connection Rb6.

Pgm - Lvp enable usual port and connection Rb3/Rb4.

Pic Micro: High Volt Programming

To use the first formula a hardware interface is needed or 'Pic programmer' to interface between the programming software (usually running on the Pc) and the Pic chip. This hardware takes its facts from the Pc via one of three interfaces either:

• The Rs232 Com port
• The Parallel port
• The Usb port

You select the interface you want to use and then select an standard Pic programmer. The Pc then communicates with the hardware generating the serial (Icsp) signals to translate the Pic hex file into a serial data stream convenient for the target microcontroller.

Note: practically all Pic microcontrollers use the Icsp interface so once you have a Hvp you can program virtually any Pic microcontroller. E.g. You can program 12F675, 16F84, 16F88, 16F877(A), 18F2550, 18F452 etc.

There are several programs for programming Pic micos e.g. Icprog and many different hardware programmers.

Pic Micro: Low volt programming (Lvp)

Lvp is exactly the same as Hvp except:

• The Vpp voltage is set to the general provide voltage.
• The Pgm pin indicates programming mode.

Note: In this mode you can not use the Pgm pin for whatever else it is dedicated solely to Lvp control.

Devices are man-made with Pgm mode enabled and the only way to turn off the Pgm mode is to program it using an Hvp programmer.

Note: Some Pic microcontrollers can only use the Hvp formula since for the Lvp formula you have to sacrifice one pin - Pgm - (to tell the Pic Micro whether that it is being programmed (high volts e.g. 5V) or that it is not being programmed (0V) ) and some Pic micros only have 8 pins e.g. 12F675. For this chip the Pgm pin is not available so Hvp is the only way.

The real advantage of using the Lvp mode is that you can program several Pic Micros on a board without having to individually program each one - you could daisy chain each extra micro to a scholar micro which would then program each one in turn - and this is only potential since the Vpp signal is a general logic level in Lvp mode.

Pic Micro: Bootloading

Bootloading uses any available interface to load a program into program memory. It requires a bootstrap program to elucidate the interface data and translate it into program memory instructions.

Note: Note only the newer devices that are capable of programming their own memory can use this method.

Typically a serial port is used for bootloading and the Pic micro bootstrap program will wait for a set time after power up listening on the serial port for a reserved word that tells the bootstrap program to start i.e. It listens for sequence of characters that is not commonly used on the interface

Once it receives this sequence it enters bootstrap mode where a hex file is transmitted to the microcontroller over the interface. It interprets this and programs the memory of the microcontroller and then starts the program.

There are two issues with this method:

1. You have to program the bootstrap code using Hvp or Lvp.
2. It uses up some of the microcontroller resources.

Once programed it provides a convenient way of using the expedient as you won't need programming hardware anymore and one major advantage is that you can re-program a expedient without undoing the equipment e.g. If you boxed up you task you could still re-program it using the serial port!

You can find more facts from the website here and how to build a website like it here.

Pic Micro Hardware Programming Methods

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Easy Steps To Make Your movable Phone As An Sms Controller

Do you know that you can use your movable phone to operate most of electrical appliances remotely via
Sms concept? Appliances like garage door or gate, room air-conditioner/heater, Cctv camera, lamps
or garden's watering system and so on are among them. There are huge examples to name it. Some
people use it for market application such as Remote Data Logging (Data Collection).

All these are mainly depending on the Sms (Short Messages System) technology coupled with some
simple electronics circuit (very straightforward design) application. Though this narrative may focus for the
electrical or electronics enthusiast, with the details and step by step explanation which is completely
discussed, most people can afford to do it.

Here I will name some of its category of applications:

1. Hobbyist

As a hobbyist, ones can operate any appliances as they like using a straightforward construction,just

name it!.

2. For students projects (university/college and/or secondary/high school.

There are numbers of students seeing for this similar task presentation, probably for

their final task presentation. This straightforward step by step explanation would be a reference

project for them!

3. For market applications such as:

- Remotely operate pumps, motors and other electrical appliances

- Remote Data Logging variety such as Rate of rain falls,Temperature of distinct remote

area.

4. Home Based Applications

Other than able to operate assorted domestic appliances, this will also comprise the contemporary of

arts of safety system, when you can arm or disarm your home safety alarm system remotely

via Sms Controller.

Currently, more and more cars manufacturers are fitting with this "Sms Controller" systems which acts

as alarm and safety system, any way these features were regularly combined with Gps (Global

Positioning System) which is capable to keep tracking the burglars remotely

5. Company, Organizations or Fleet Owner Management.

The is always a great way for the business to keep tracking staff behavior particularly

dealing with communication and mileage. This concept is also combined with Gps system. The

Sms and Gps system will always working together in monitoring the driving styles or behavior

of each driver.

The other extra feature of this Sms Controller is; when the appliance that we are controlling
remotely via hand phone has been activated or deactivated, we can receive a message confirming the
action that has just taken place done by Sms. The message we are receiving is depend on
"pre-setup" Text while the of programming the controller.

In all the category shown above, I like to stress that it always begin with the Sms Controller.

So by knowing how the Sms Controller works, It will be much easier to understand of Sms/Gps works!

Easy Steps To Make Your movable Phone As An Sms Controller

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Web improvement and Reverse Engineering

Web developers are all the time trying to create intriguing and functional websites. If you are using a content management system you need no extra knowledge of web technologies to create basic pages. But sooner or later you need to modify layout or some part of the website for which there are no settings in the user interface. Modifying code means knowing basics of Html, Css, JavaScipt, Php and other languages used for websites. If you are new to this world you will need some tutorials and first texts to learn basics of web technologies.

However, there is an additional one way of studying with possibility to experiment and test varied modifications of the code or layout. It is called reverse engineering and means examining code of an existing page. Every web browser has a function to display the source code of displayed page. By examining it you can see what elements are needed to produce the web page. This is a great way to learn Html and Css language. Of course, examining and comprehension how it works is one thing, creating your own scheme is another. The easiest way to start writing code is to make small modifications on your website. For this purpose you need a amelioration facility on your home server, because experimenting with a live website is not a good idea. Depending on the system used for your site you will have to find files which comprise the code for the page under examination. There is no general rule, but the main core of the page layout is probably in some template file.

This approach of examining the source code is also beneficial when you find a page with some fancy design or cool menu. To understand how it is done you need to find approved part of the code. Firefox, for example, has a nice highlight to display only the source code of a small part of the website. You simply elect the page elements you are curious in, click the right mouse button to display a menu and elect View choice Source. Once you find source lines responsible for the wanted page element, you can study them and try to implement something similar on your website. This doesn't mean that you can copy the code directly, you will have to modify it to be compatible with your existing website. But the basic principle is that you gawk existing code and experiment with small modifications. If you concentrate this approach with web resources explaining theoretical background of web technologies, you will be able to fast understand and learn new languages and technologies.

Web improvement and Reverse Engineering

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All About Embedded Systems

Embedded Systems are the crucial components of the contemporary compacted devices with multifunction capabilities. Embedded systems are specific computer programs that consolidate the functions of specially designed softwares and hardwares and are fully encapsulated by the devices that they control. An embedded system has specific requirements and performs pre-defined tasks, unlike a general-purpose personal computer. An embedded system is a programmed hardware device. A programmable hardware chip is the platform and it is programmed with single applications. Embedded systems are a aggregate of hardware and software which facilitates mass yield and a host of applications.

Embedded systems constitute the widest potential use of computer systems.They comprise all computers specifically intended as special-purpose computers. Examples of embedded systems range from a movable music player, to real-time control of systems like the space shuttle. They are identified by their functions.The majority of market embedded software systems are designed to accomplish superior functions. These systems have to overcome resource constraints and system specifications. These systems meet their real-time constraints with a aggregate of extra purpose hardware and software custom-developed to cope with the system requirements.

The embedded processor chip has the free time to decide the data route , handle graphics and animation requirements and approximately the whole functionalities of the device in which it is embedded. This allows the architecture of an embedded system to be straightforward and right forward.For embedded systems, a real-time operating system is very principal to enable it to work efficiently within the resources parameters. The softwares specially developed for embedded hardware systems, especially those without a disk drive are named firmwares. Programs on an embedded system often run with real-time constraints with tiny hardware resources. In many cases there are no disk drive, operating system, keyboard or screen. The software may not have anything remotely like a file system, or if one is present, a flash drive may replace rotating media. If a user interface is present, it may be a small keypad and liquid crystal display.

Embedded systems are normally resident in machines that are imaginable to run continuously for years without errors. Therefore the software and Firmware is normally developed and tested very rigorously and meticulously. Embedded systems generally avoid mechanical interesting parts such as Disk drives, switches or buttons because these are unreliable compared to solid-state parts such as Flash memory. Solid State electronic components form the major part of a device with an embedded system.

The embedded system must have the unique capability and functionality of being able to restart itself even if catastrophic data corruption has taken place. This is normally closed with a suitable electronic part called a watchdog timer that resets the computer unless the software periodically resets the timer. Embedded systems today rely on trusted Chip and processor makers like Intel, Amd and the like. Embedded softwares are being developed by developers who deploy time-tested methods like compilers,assemblers and debuggers to institute embedded system software.

A wide range of embedded systems exists on the market. Many products that highlight embedded systems are small, relatively cheap and have a short lifetime of a few years before the next-generation stock replaces them. Examples are mobile phones and other home electronics. In contrast, large, costly and complicated capital equipment, such as telephone switches, automobiles, airplanes, and market machines, are often safety-critical and in performance for several decades. All embedded systems, however, form part of a larger product. The buyer is primarily curious in the benefits the stock brings and not in the embedded system. The emergence of embedded systems in devices has resulted in a dramatic increase in products incorporating Embedded Software. The most new generation of embedded systems relies heavily on embedded software. As a matter of fact, many of their features, which used to be controlled by electronics or mechanical components until a few years ago, are now software controlled. Current trends recapitulate that functionality that traditionally was implemented in hardware is now implemented in software. The reliance of specially developed software for embedded systems has led to the mushrooming of clubs specialising in embedded software develoment .

Embedded systems are going to be the focus of intensive and aggressive improvement in the years to come. With the world going in for devices that are covenant and palm-sized, the need for developed microporcessors and embedded softwares is huge. Embedded software developers and embedded hardware manufacturers are going to revel in the boom time that would contemplate a new peak in global demands for these specialised hardware-software combinations.

All About Embedded Systems

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Interfacing a Microcontroller With a Pc Using Rs232 and the Pc Serial Port

Serial Communication

Serial communication is a technique of transmitting data between two pieces of hardware. The smallest piece of data that is transmitted is the byte. A byte is made up of 8 bits. When data is transmitted between two pieces of hardware, the bits are sent one at a time. The hardware sends these bits by sending varying voltages over the wires connecting the devices. The sender and the receiver agree on how often a bit (or voltage level) will be sent.

How often a bit will be sent is referred to as baud rate or bits per second (bps). Then with the help of very accurate clocks they can send a series of voltage levels between each other and then reassmble these voltage levels into bytes.

The question Communicating between a Pc and a Microcontroller

The Rs232 serial port on a Pc uses +3 to +25 volts to signify a logic level of 0, and -3 to -25 volts to signify a logic level of 1.

Most microcontrollers use Ttl / Cmos logic levels which use 0 to some threshold voltage to signify a logic level of 0, and some threshold voltage to 5 volts to signify a logic level of 1.

In order for the Pc and a microcontroller to successfully review some logic level translation is necessary.

Using a Ttl / Cmos To Rs232 Converter

There are many associates that originate modules that take care of the required logic level translation. The Ttl / Cmos To Rs232 Converter is one such module. Typically, these modules associate to the Rs232 port on the Pc and associate to the microcontroller's send and receive pins. supply 5 volts and ground and you are ready to communicate.

Applications Ideas

Once you have your microcontroller communicating with your Pc it opens up all kinds of potential applications fluctuating from data loggers, pc based oscilloscopes, controlling your pc from your microcontroller, controlling your microcontroller from your pc, etc.

Interfacing a Microcontroller With a Pc Using Rs232 and the Pc Serial Port

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How to Recover Deleted Emails and Restore Them wholly

It can happen to anyone. We accidentally delete an email that we indubitably need. And it just happened to be leading work file, attachment or picture. So now what? How can I recover that email? Is it at all possible? Surely, it can be constantly deleted?

Well, there is good news and bad news.

Let's start with the good news.

Restoring Deleted Emails

If you delete an email, it hasn't indubitably gone anywhere. Even if you've emptied your recycle bin or the "Trash" briefcase in your Inbox - the email still isn't deleted. It's just that your computer law now has no way to frame out where it is. But it's there, still on your hard drive. By using extra email recovery tools you can recover deleted emails because these programs recognize these 'missing' files and can bring them back to life.

Now the bad news.

Act quickly and increase Your Chances

The bad news is you have to act quickly. You only have a small time-frame in which to try to effort to recover your lost email. Every little that you waste and continue to use the drive for whatever that isn't associated to recovering your emails, you severely decrease your chances of successful email recovery. Why?

Well, because your hard drive is constantly overwriting files to make space for new data you put into it. If your hard drive is full and there is not much space or memory available - it is highly probable that the email has already been overwritten and deleted - permanently.

Other Problems with Recovering Deleted Emails

Not all deleted or lost emails go to "Trash" folder. If you have suffered a computer crash or hardware failure or your operating law is corrupted in some way, then it is unlikely that emails you have deleted can be recovered.

Also, if you haven't opened the email at all or it hasn't been deleted the usual way due to file corruption, you probably will have less of a occasion to recover and restore the email in its entirety.

Nothing to Lose

Recover deleted email programs crusade and uncover the emails that you have deleted. You can crusade by entering a definite keyword for example. Then, you can choose to preview the email to see it's contents and if it's been recovered in its original state by the program. You can also opt to scan for what ever email program you are using (and need to recover) - whether web based emails such as Hotmail, Yahoo and Gmail or Outlook Express.

Best bit is this. Most of these email recovery programs are free to download. When they start scanning your hard drive looking for the deleted email and then carry on to find it and when you are fully satisfied that that's your missing email - then you can then hike to buy the software.

In essence, you have nothing to lose (if the email is not there - it's not there) and all things to gain.

Well, at least you can get your deleted email back.

How to Recover Deleted Emails and Restore Them wholly

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Methods for Debugging Microcontroller Hardware

Most of these debugging techniques can be applied to any microcontroller since they do not use any specific tools.

General debugging methods

There are many ways to debug hardware:

• Ice.
• Icd.
• Simulation.
• Serial Rs232.
• Lcd.
• Led.
• Hardware pins.
• Logic Analyzer.

Ice

The In Circuit Emulator is the most expensive way to debug your hardware. You buy a extra processor that physically takes the place of the normal processor. This extra processor allows software access to the internal carrying out of the processor (you can set breakpoints on hardware modules).

Icd (Pic microcontroller)

The next best thing to Ice is Icd (In Circuit Debug) Sometimes known as (Bdm - Background Debug Mode - for non Pic microcontrollers) let you singular step straight through code undoubtedly running in the target processor.

For Icd the processor has a small estimate of built in hardware that can halt the processor when the program reaches a specific address. The software can then read back all the registers and processor state.

Simulation

With a source code simulator you can step straight through the high level language code and see its follow on memory and variables without having to look at the collector code directly. This lets you focus on the high level language carrying out and lets you combine on the question you are trying to solve.

One great advantage of the simulator is that you do not have to wait to download and program the target processor (you do have to re-compile the code after changing its source code though). So you can cut out the time enchanting programming task just by using the simulator.

Note: Simulators are no good for debugging interrupts.

Debugging using hardware

Serial Rs232

Newer microcontrollers have a built in Uart giving you a virtually free debug tool that uses minimal resources and needs very small software coding.

For debug output you need to join together the Uart output pin (Tx) to a favorable level translator circuit e.g. A Max232 chip. You may even get away with direct connection (via a resistor) to the input of your Pc serial port (but this depends on the specifics of your Pc hardware) - using a translator chip will always work.

Advantages

• Minimal coding.
• Simple to use.
• Minimal extra hardware.

Disadvantages

• Takes a long time to output a character (~1ms).
• Takes even longer for blocks of characters (~10s of ms).
• Needs extra hardware.

Even straight through it takes time to output a character it is a beneficial debug tool as you can output the value of a variable to see what the microcontroller is undoubtedly doing.

Lcd

An Lcd (Liquid Crystal Display) gives a favorable way of displaying debugging information. It is also beneficial for many separate applications that need a text display output.

It is a module that displays text characters and a coarse screen size is 2 rows of 16 characters.

Most Lcd modules use the Hd44780 controller chip which is why Lcd routines built into high level languages always work.

Advantages

• Very quick update (40us 4 bit data bus).
• Useful in many projects as the main display interface.
• Simple to interface to an 8 bit port (only needs six of the 8 bits).

Disadvantages

• Uses up an 8 bit port.
• Hardware is more expensive (e.g. Compared to a serial port chip).

Led

Using an Led as a microcontroller 'alive' indicator.

Even though it is such a simple thing to blink an Led on and off it is very beneficial as a debugging tool as you can tell at a look whether the code you just downloaded is working.

Sometimes you can will incorrectly set parameters on the programming software or compiler which will stop the code dead.

The Led indicator gives a quick health check for your microcontroller which is easy to see.

Pin Debugging

This is the simplest and crudest debugging method; using any ready port pin. Plainly set or reset this pin at any point in the code that you want to monitor.

It has minimal impact on the code speed or size and can give you the following information:

• You can tell if the code is active.
• It gives you the repetition rate.
• It gives you the routine time length (if you set the pin at the start and reset it at the end).

Note: To do testing you need an oscilloscope or a frequency counter and time interval measuring tool.

Logic Analyzer

This tool attaches to the pins you want to survey and captures the waveforms displaying multiple traces on a singular display. It uses a trigger module that can be set to begin on combinations of the input signals or on their length. So you can trigger on specific patterns or on glitches or both.

For non-microcontroller based systems (e.g. 80486 based) where the data and address bus are exposed a logic analyzer can show the address and data organized into hex words i.e. Readable. Some can disassemble the instructions showing what the processor was doing at the trigger point.

For a microcontroller based principles the logic analyzer can be beneficial in examining peripheral carrying out e.g. For debugging the Spi or I2C busses some logic analyzers also have built in withhold for these protocols.

Another use for the logic analyzer is to capture output over a long period of time depending on the memory capacity of the logic analyzer.

Summary

In short there are many techniques to debug your hardware ranging from simple (an output pin) to involved (a logic analyzer). All of them can be beneficial depending on the question you want to solve.

You can find more data here and how to build a website like it here.

Methods for Debugging Microcontroller Hardware

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How to Make Your Own Magic Eye 3D Stereogram Images

Magic Eye 3D Stereograms, honestly a new way of finding at the world. What are them? Well, they are visual illusions, inexpressive images inside other image.

If you can't see them, its difficult to understand how can be this possible, but its not that difficult. There are other images that when you look at them from close length they show something and when looked from far away they appear to be something different. Basically a stereogram is a 3D image inexpressive in a 2D image. Regularly the 2D image is nothing more than random dots or some sort of pattern, but when looked in a special way, you will see a 3D shape.

How to make a stereogram of your own? Well, you will need a computer program to aid you in this task. What you need is a pattern and a mask. The mask is the most difficult to make for your own. This is honestly a depth mask, and is in black and white, where the whiter a point is the closest it is to you. You can try with the paint program, but its difficult to have good results. Regularly a mask is made with a 3D rendering program (like 3D Studio), that can create depth masks agreeing to the way you view the 3D object (you can rotate it, move it closer or supplementary away, etc).

Another kind of stereogram is made by simply taking 2 photos of the same object from 2 slightly separate positions. You can think of the human eyes like 2 photo cameras, the eyes are slightly apart, this gives us the depth feeling. And this depth feeling is what we are trying to achieve.

How to view a magic eye 3d stereogram:

Bring the stereogram image honestly close to your eyes (until you touch it with your nose). At this length your eyes cannot focus on the image and they look somewhere behind the image. Now, gently push the image away from you, while trying to keep the eyes off focus. At some point you will see the inexpressive image.

Another method is to take an object and put it behind the image (about half of meter behind it). Now, focus on the object behind the image while retention the eyes finding at the image.

Do you remember how is the feeling when you are drunk? Your eyes don't look at the object nearby you, but rather through them. Well, this is honestly what we are trying to achieve (look through the object, not get drunk, loll). If you can administrate to get your eyes off focus, at some point you will be able to see the inexpressive image.

If you're not train to look at stereograms, this might take you some time. First time I've looked at a stereogram it took me like an hour to finally be able to focus the eyes correctly to see the 3D image.

Catalin Catana

How to Make Your Own Magic Eye 3D Stereogram Images

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Is it inherent to Retrieve Deleted Text Messages? - How to Go About Retrieving Deleted Text Messages

Are wondering whether you can retrieve deleted Sms? Need to know is It possible to retrieve deleted text messages? If so then you're in the right place as in this record I will show exactly how to go about retrieving deleted text messages. So keep reading to learn how to get your lost Sms's and other Sim Card Data back.

Firstly let me elucidate how it is possible to retrieve deleted text messages. You see a Sim card doesn't immediately erase a file once you delete it. Instead it just frees up the space that was occupied by that file (massage) and lists its space as ready re-usable space. Any way until that space is overwritten by new data, in your case new messages, phone numbers etc., your old deleted file is still there and can be recovered.

Now in order to get the deleted messages back you are going to need two tools. One of them is a Usb Sim card reader and the other is a decent Sim Card saving program.

Sim card saving programs are very similar to Data saving software but they are designed specifically for recovering data from Sim Cards. They are able to recover deleted text messages, deleted phone numbers, call logs and fullness of other deleted data from your Sim, and they can do it all at the click of a few buttons.

The good news is that most of these programs offer a free trial version for download, so you can check to see what messages are retrievable right now.

Therefore if you were wondering is it possible to retrieve deleted text messages then wonder no more as it can as a matter of fact be done with the right tools. If you have a Usb Sim card reader and a good Sim saving Program then Retrieving Deleted Text Messages should be a walk I the park. Visit the link below to learn more about recovering deleted text messages and to download some Free Software...

Is it inherent to Retrieve Deleted Text Messages? - How to Go About Retrieving Deleted Text Messages

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How to Retrieve Deleted Photos on Blackberry - Sony Cyber-Shot Recover Accidentally Deleted Photos

If you own a Blackberry Phone, a Sony Cyber-Shot Camera, or any type of digital camera or storage gadget for that matter and seeing for a way to get your deleted pictures back then you've come to the right place. Below I will show you how to retrieve deleted photos on Blackberry Phone Plus recover accidentally deleted photos on a Sony Cyber-Shot and any other type of Sony Memory stick or memory card...

You see your Blackberry's storage, Cyber-shots memory stick, or any other memory card for that matter is very similar to a computer's hard drive. And very much like a computer's hard drives these storage devices do not immediately erase deleted files; instead what they do when a file gets deleted is list its space as ready re-usable space. Now until that space is overwritten by new data, in your case new photos etc... Your old photos are still there and can assuredly be retrieved with the right tools.

The tool you will need is a good data salvage program, preferably one that is designed specifically for recovering deleted photos and files from movable Phones, digital cameras, memory cards etc... Personally I used a program called stellar photo salvage when I needed to recover photos from my Sony Memory Stick, I assuredly didn't think the program would do much, but was assuredly quite surprised at its results.

The software was assuredly easy to use and Free to download, so I was able to check to see if my photos were assuredly recoverable before I downloaded the full version. For whatever that is assuredly seeing to retrieve deleted photos on Blackberry, Sony Cyber-Shot or any other type of digital camera I would seriously recommend Stellar Photo Recovery.

So for all you blackberry users out there trying to outline out How to retrieve Deleted Photos on Blackberry go ahead and download a good photo salvage program and you may have some luck. The program works for Sony Cyber-Shot to recover accidentally deleted photos, works on Sony memory sticks and all other types of digital memory cards as well, check it out below...

How to Retrieve Deleted Photos on Blackberry - Sony Cyber-Shot Recover Accidentally Deleted Photos

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How To Flash A Phone To Cricket Or Metro Pcs

Flash or Flashing--Technically, flashing refers to the overwriting or re-writing of the phone's firmware. There are many phones which can be flashed to cricket with all features working. On most Cdma phones, programming the phone can be done "over the air" by dialing a extra code, commonly *228 or some variation. Colloquially speaking, flashing can also loosely mean production a phone from one carrier work on someone else carrier. The easy way to tell the inequity is that if your phone does Not take a Sim card, then it is probably Cdma.

To flash a phone to cricket you will be overwriting th phones firmware. The firmware is software in the phone that doesn't turn when you turn it off, and it cannot be deleted unless it is overwritten, hence flashed. It requires specific files called prl files.Prl or Prl File--Short for preferred Roaming List--A small text file containing instructions for how a phone connects to a specific network's radio towers It is commonly loaded by connecting the phone to a computer to overwrite its data. There are a few tools used such as a pst Pst--Short for Phone assistance Tool or Tools--Special software used by phone manufacturers to program their phones. And also a monster file - -"Monster File"/"Monster Pack", Rom, or "Kitchen"--System software that is needed to flash a phone.

In practically all case you will need to passage the phones assistance programming menu- - -Service Programming Menu--A extra menu typically incommunicable from the customary User Interface that allows for "deep programming" of a phone.You will also need passage to msl and spc codes specific to the gismo you are flashing.Msl/Spc--Special six-digit codes needed to passage assistance programming features on the phone. passage to the assistance programming menu can be disabled in a phone's firmware.

Depending on your phone, it may need extra steps to unlock or get Wap and Mms working. That is why you need the msl/spc codes to allow deep programming to unlock these features. Not all phones will be capable to passage wap or send and receive mms.

Ringtones commonly have to be prepaid using a flex bucket. It is best to download ringtones before you flash your phone to cricket since they have a miniature option of ringtones and wallpapers.There are cases were flashed phones will not be able to download ringtones directly from cricket.

The details outlined above will not only work with cricket but you can also flash phones to metro pcs using the information in case,granted above. It is best to do all your study before purchasing your phone to ensure that the cell phone you are curious in can be flashed to cricket or metro Pcs.

How To Flash A Phone To Cricket Or Metro Pcs

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Hcs08 Microcontroller instruction Sets Explained

The Full Hcs08 instruction Set

All S08 instructions (arguably all computer instructions) can be plan of as three basic types.

Data movement - a value is read from one location and written to another. All of the load/store instructions are examples of movement from one location to a separate one. One of the locations is commonly somewhere in main memory and has an associated address, the other is in one of the Cpu registers and has only a name. Information flow can occur in either direction (depends on the instruction). Also the load/store instructions that involve a Cpu register and main memory there are several replacement that move (copy) data from one Cpu register to another. There is one instruction, mov, that copies from one memory location to another. There are also a estimate of instructions that write an implied value (usually ones or zeros) to a Cpu register or memory location. Clra, is an example.

Data processing (Alu) - there are two types; unary and binary. Unary instructions control on only a single value obtained from either a Cpu register or a memory location and write it back (the same place) after some modification (processing). Nega is an example. Binary instructions control on a pair of values which they couple in some fashion to yield a result. These instructions approximately always have at least one of the values come from a Cpu register and place the consequent back in that register. Add is an example. A value is obtained from register A and from a memory location. These values are combined (processed) using the arithmetic increasing operation, and the consequent is written back in register A

Program-flow altering - where the value of the Pc is (or in the case of conditional branches, might be) changed from its normal upward counting sequence. This type of instruction is used to make subroutine calls, code loops, and code if-then-else style program constructs, to name a few.

Hcs08 Microcontroller instruction Sets Explained

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engaging Diy Microcontroller Projects! - Digital proclamation law

1.1) Objectives

In this project, we look at how we can implement a "Digital 2.4km Run proclamation System".

1.2) Design Methodology The whole design process can be partitioned into a pyramid as follows.

Specifications and Requirement Capture

Components comprises of Led display, a voice synthesizer, a keypad and an infrared Interceptor.

1) Button on keypad is depressed when the runners are flagged off.

2) The display will show continuously the time lapse at 0.1 second resolution.

3) When the infrared ray over the track of the runner is intercepted, the time at the point of interception will be announced.

4) The time will also be logged on the system.

System Concept

The system is capable of displaying the time on the Led display once the start button is pressed. At the same time, the infrared interceptor is started, and is continuously checking if its infrared ray is intercepted, and if so, trigger the system to announce the time of interception to the runners, and make a log of the time of interception to the system. The runner should also be able to see the time they took on the Led display. If the Stop button is pressed, the timer should stop timing, and log the time of disconnection on the system. When disconnected, the infrared interceptor and Led Display are also to be off.

Working Principles

In order to implement such a system, background knowledge about the workings of each component in the system is required. In this case, we need to know the controlling of the Led display, the voice synthesizer, the infrared interceptor, and the keypad, and finally we will show a flowchart on integrating these devices.

Led Display

As found, Leds run on about 2 volts, hence we need a simple resistor in series to Ant. Eject some of the voltage and limit the current the Led can draw. Assuming an input voltage of 5V and a current of 10 ma, and applying V=Ir, we can find the required resistance as R = V/I = (5 - 2)/.010 = 300 ohms.

To have a brighter Led, I can pick the resistor as 270 ohms allowing more current flow, making the Led brighter. With that, the new current drawn is I=V/R = 3 / 270 = 11ma.

Given a 7 segment Led, the basic configurations looks as follows:

The 7 segment Led tasteless Anode will be adopted because the microchip is now driving up to 8 Leds (segments) at a time off a singular port. Just as each I/O pin has a limit to the number of current it will source or sink, each port also has a limit. To do the least damage, we are sinking the current to ground rather than sourcing it to 5 volts.

To add more displays, the cathodes from a singular segment of each display are all connected together and then connected to a Pic I/O line straight through a series resistor. The tasteless anode is made controllable by a Pic I/O pin. In this way, the segment value for a given display can be configured and straight through turning on the anode for that display, we can see the message. The same policy can be applied to the other Led displays, and when a favorable timing is chosen, we should be able to see the full display of all Leds without flicker. The favorable timing is chosen by finding out the time constant of the Led using a datasheet, and from this value, we can pick the accepted refresh time such that it is less than the time constant, allowing the Led to appear spellbinding all the time.

Also a transistor is placed between the Pic and the tasteless anode to each display. Since the current for the whole display runs straight through this one pin, it could overload a singular I/O line. To overcome this issue, the transistor amplifies the current drive quality of the I/O. To operate, put ground on the I/O pin to turn on the transistor and enable a given display, or put 5 volts on the pin to turn off the transistor and the display.

The form below shows the case for 4 Led displays:

With this way of using Led displays, we can plump the numbers to display based on the configuration as follows:

Take segment 'dp' as the Msb, and segment 'a' as the least necessary bit, and to enable a singular segment to light up, we must apply a low to the corresponding segment, since it is an active low input. The table below shows the segments which we have to operate to display each digit from 0 to 9.

Voice Synthesizer

In order to announce the time of interception to the runners, there is a need to store each digit from 0 to 9 in human voice and depending on the situation, announce the strict time by finding the location of the voice segment corresponding to the strict digit.

As found, the average human voice frequency is estimated at 2 Khz to 4 Khz. Hence, we need to sample at a Nyquist sampling rate of f(sample)>2*f(voice)= 8 Khz. We pick the minimum sampling frequency as 8 Khz. Given this frequency, it implies that the voice should be sampled every 1 / 8 Khz = 125 us.

The voice corresponding to a singular digit can also be broken down into distinct syllabus, and each syllabus should take up equal frequency of sampling. For example, the rate of sampling a singular digit of 3 syllabuses will have each syllabus taking up 8000 / 3 = 2667 Hz To start, we can use the sound recorder in case,granted under Microsoft Windows to store the voice as a wave format. We have to set the settings as 8 kHz, 8 Bit, Mono. Next, we take off the header bytes by using a binary editor such as Hexplorer. After which the voice data corresponding to each digit can be stored in the Eprom, and being referred to as and when needed.

To recover an analogue signal from the digital signal stored in the Eprom, a Digital to Analogue converter is used. The digital signal has to be fed to the analogue converter at a rate of 8 kHz or every 125 us. The yield from the D/A is then fed into a Lpf of 4 kHz to take off any noise. The final yield is then fed straight through a power amplifier such as Lm386, and straight through current amplification, we can accumulate load matching with the 8 ohm speaker, and get max power output.

Infrared Interceptor

The infrared interceptor is made up of the infrared Led, the infrared detector Gp1U5. The infrared detector contains both the Ir detector and a small circuit that detects a 40kHz modulation. This detector is able to reject noisy light signals and hence has better performance. It works by detecting the modulated infrared light from the Ir Led, and straight through amplifier and band pass filter of 40 Khz, get a clean signal.

If there is any runner crossing, the detector will sense a dissimilarity and we can use the signal to feed into the interrupt pin of the microprocessor which will then announce the time and also make a log on the system.

Keypad

The form on the left shows the schematics of the 4*4 keypad. The needed outputs can be fed to the Programmable Peripheral Interface 82C55 of the microcontroller for reading the status, and straight through the 82C55, settle the type of interrupt invite to the microprocessor.

In our system, button 1 is designed to start the run, the Led display and the infrared interceptor. Button 2 is designed to stop the run, turn the Led display and infrared interceptor off. All other buttons should not interfere with the doing of the system.

Realization

We use a flowchart to show how these distinct devices can work together.

With this done, we have already gotten ourselves a very concrete design on paper, and it is now time to implement this into stock straight through the necessary hardware and software implementation.

Hope my little project has inspired you with lots of creativity for you to start your very own Diy projects as well.

engaging Diy Microcontroller Projects! - Digital proclamation law

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C Programming For the Pic Microcontroller

The C programming language surely reigns consummate in the embedded electronics community. Microprocessors can be found in 99% of all electronic appliances these days from car radios to cookers and it is the software that the microprocessors run that gives personality to the whole design.

Many hobby electronic enthusiasts cut their teeth on microprocessors by learning assembly language. Admittedly the Pic Microcontroller from Microchip is the processor of choice for many beginning on this path.

Assembly language presents a free of payment entry into this shop - ideal for the beginner on a little budget. Any way assembly language is somewhat laborious if a complicated task needs to be coded. Now free of payment C compilers are ready for download, so students can begin their programming sense in a high level universal language that can be used on many other high and low end microprocessors.

Assembly language is little to use with one single processor house and if the engineer migrates to someone else processor, he has to start again from scratch. C is a universal language and it is the headache of the compiler designer, not the engineer, to make sure the C code is compatible with the processor.

Most software written by non-hobbyists is written in C. Schedule snippets can be collected and used across many projects with separate processors until whole libraries of code are amassed. Code writing then becomes a simple task of choosing which code functions are needed and gluing them together - a task that the C programming language is particularly distinguished to.

Simple C for the Pic microcontroller gets anyone with little or no sense of C or Pic microcontrollers programming in as little as half a day.

C Programming For the Pic Microcontroller

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The Evolution of Prehistoric Intel 4004 Processor to enchanting Microcontroller Embedded principles

The invention of microprocessor was a milestone to the introduction of microcontroller. The first microprocessor was pioneer in 1971 by Intel. It was the 4 bit microprocessor with the clock speed of 740 Khz. It knows as Intel 4004 and the first commercial Cpu in singular chip.

Three years later Intel had manufactured 8 bit microprocessor of Intel 8080. It was determined by many to be the first true microprocessor general purposes used. It has used in variety applications such as traffic light and cash register. The Altair 8800 was one of the first computer as well used the microprocessor.

The complexities of microprocessor had driven to introduce of microcontroller. In order to be used microprocessor other component need to be adding externally such as memory, input port and yield port. Any way microcontroller had combining the Cpu, memory, peripheral, input-output function and analog to digital converter in singular chip.

The year of 1976 was a necessary in microcontroller history. Intel had invented the first world microcontroller. The microcontroller were Intel 8048 and Intel 8748. Since then the uses of microcontroller was growth every year with dozen of vendors. The tasteless vendors to the day were Intel, Freescale, Microchip, Arm and Atmel.

In 1993, the introduction of Eeprom had pump up Microchip sales with their famous chip of Pic16C84. It is allowed to be erase memory electronically and quickly. This electrically erasable memory made it cost less than Cpu that required quartz "erase window" for erasing Eprom.

Later on the Pic16F84 had introduced due to replacing Eeeprom with flash memory. As the affected the cost of singular chip plummeted over time. In 2009 the cheapest 8 bit microcontroller available with cost of .25 in quantity of thousands. Nowadays the microcontroller are low-cost and easily available for hobbyists, with large online communities nearby inescapable processors for hobbyists, with large online communities nearby inescapable processors.

The Evolution of Prehistoric Intel 4004 Processor to enchanting Microcontroller Embedded principles

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ideas manufacture ideas - All-In-One Versus Best-of-Breed

Complex systems are often designed by using easy rules and principles. One (of many) such an organizing principle is about selecting a All-in-One approach or the other - Best-of-Breed design.

The software of Microsoft (and many others) "hide" an All-in-One approach. This is not "bad", nor "good," but just a preference. We know this from the mix of the operating system with other functionality. And a recent incident in Internet Explorer reminded me of this kind of architecture: Ie7 offers browser tabs. This is a great feature in which you only have to open Ie7 once and you can use the same browser-engine for accessing the internet.
One of the main issues with an All-in-One (AiO) approach is that one may spoil for all. In Ie7if you are related to a site that no longer responds you will loose all your relationship if you need to abort.

Another example of an All-in-one configuration are music equipments where dissimilar devices - like a Cd-player and a tuner -- are stored in one single box. The design of such a single box is easier to streamline, but individual "best-of-breed" devices are often technically more sophisticated. In such a best-of-breed (BoB) architecture a buyer may pick to select the best o each type of device. The best Cd recorder is possibly from a dissimilar supplier than one from a supplier which offers all (in one).

Both configurations - AiO and BoB - are used in a wide area, also in organizations and systems design. The advantage of designing software and systems with a AiO-approach is that you do not have the hunt the store and buy from a "expensive" supplier and join a explication that will not perfectly match to your needs. Rather designing and developing AiO by your own society is perceived to be much easier. Administration of one improvement team is easier than managing dissimilar parties.

Awareness of such system helps your society in the improvement of stock improvement and design. This awareness is however only a first - but foremost - step in managing of systems development.

© 2007 Hans Bool

ideas manufacture ideas - All-In-One Versus Best-of-Breed

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Embedded Gui construct - Photoshop Can Help

It is always impressive to palpate a of course "slick" user interface. A truly graphical user interface (Gui) should of course be pleasant and fascinating at first sight. Not all that many years ago we were article with electronic devices with cryptic displays that had minuscule to no graphics; we just wanted the new, novel gadget to be functional.

But, as time has pushed us forward, our society has come to be well-known with, and, it is quite clear, dependent upon embedded electronic devices such as cell phones, personal assistants, and your cordial automotive dashboard. "Functional" is no longer enough.

In the world of the desktop computer it is unheard of to not have a "pretty" graphical user interface. In the world of embedded devices pretty Guis (pronounced "Gooeys") had been harder to come by. However, the end product audience, you and I, no longer accept a mediocre display on our technological wonders. (We certainly don't in our games, but that is a whole other story!)

Fortunately, some vendors in the embedded gadget market had seen that there was not only a need to help descriptive designers and engineers work more closely together in the embedded product design world, but that there was an confident merger of the two disciplines. One such company in the embedded Gui market, Tilcon, has recently introduced a new version of their Gui design system that substantially reduces the time it takes to make a expert and pretty Gui.

In the embedded graphics world there is the idea of a "virtual" interface. A display, for instance, on the dashboard of your car, might show several meters showing speed and tachometer readings, a bar graph for temperature, a range of "idiot" lights and even touch-screen controlled buttons. You are shown data in real-time as it is communicated to the display from the many microprocessors throughout the vehicle.

These entities used to be real corporeal entities, and now they are painted on the screen by the Gui system. In the Gui world these virtual objects are called "widgets." These "widgets" are painstakingly crafted by descriptive artists to appear as real as possible.

Every embedded product Gui design is finally a work of aesthetics. To sell in a competitive world, the gadget must fit into the flow of the broad product team's conceptual goals. Ordinarily the Gui team creates a "basic" widget set and then has to painstakingly work with personel artistic renderings to write code to recreate the image, or possibly to import every photo and element. By anyone process, it is no small feat.

Tilcon has elevated the efficiency of the embedded Gui design process to a new level with its modern Adobe Photoshop integration. In the Tilcon Gui system, a basic set of widgets are supplied as standard. The embedded designer plainly drags and drops the desired widgets on the screen as needed. Once the screen design is complete, the user plainly hits the export button and out pops a Photoshop file. This file creates all the layers needed by a Photoshop-based designer to begin the artistic process of "branding" and creating the desired look and feel of the end product.

The fascinating part of this process, for those of you that are well-known with Photoshop, is that every particular widget object is exported into its own "layer," and the layers are laid out in Photoshop "groups." If a "button" widget has one image when "on" and another for "off," each state will have its own layer created. This Psd file is delivered directly to the descriptive designer. The artist goes to work in parallel with the embedded Gui engineer. Every particular item can be hand crafted inside the Adobe toolset, and upon completion, the final file is delivered to the engineer, who plainly imports the new look by pushing an "import" button. Suddenly, the screen is gorgeous!

Perhaps even more importantly, the engineer has prolonged his work unimpeded using just the basic widgets. Team productivity is enhanced. product supervision is happy. The sales team will love the new expert appearance of the end result.

The implications of the time savings that this process represents to product design teams are obvious. What might not be so confident on first inspection is how rapidly a team can "re-skin" its product look, or "custom-brand" the product for its own end customers. The result: a product design team has faster access to great-looking displays, can use the same gadget for several different end customer's needs and can deliver a custom appearance for each such buyer with much greater ease and time savings. Now, that's worth seeing!

Embedded Gui construct - Photoshop Can Help

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